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PSYC 350 - FINAL > 15. Variations in Sexual Behaviour > Flashcards

15. Variations in Sexual Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

% of women = cannot experience orgasm through penetration alone

A

75

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2
Q

Website Resource for techniques for masturbation and pleasurable stimulation

A

OMG yes

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3
Q

% of ppl who fake orgasms

A

28 men, 67 women

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4
Q

y fake (4)

A
  • Orgasm was unlikely
  • Wanted sex to end
  • Wanted to avoid negative consequences (hurting partner’s feelings)
  • Wanted to obtain positive consequences (pleasing partner)
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5
Q

CONSEQUENCES for faking (3)

A
  • Repeated faking → partner gets wrong feedback about what works for you sexually
    • Setting yourself up for not experiencing sexual pleasure
    • Teaching your partner what doesn’t work
  • 25% women fake 90% of the time
  • Becomes problematic when it’s a pattern
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6
Q

% of ppl who have fantasies

A

97

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7
Q

3 most common fantasies

A
  • 89% → threesome
  • 74% → orgies
  • 61% → gangbang
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8
Q

% fantasize about sadomasochism?

A
  • 60% → inflicting pain
  • 65% → receiving pain
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9
Q

other fantasies?

A
  • Novelty, adventure, and variety
    • Anal, different positions, sex in public, trying new toy, etc.
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10
Q

how many have acted out their biggest fantasy and why?

A

Less than 1/3 have acted out their biggest fantasy

  • Most common reason: worried about how their partner would react
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11
Q

Sexual orientation:

A

who we are attracted to sexually

  • Relatively stable beginning in adolescence
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12
Q

Gynephillic

A

attracted to women

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13
Q

Androphilic

A

attracted to men

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14
Q

Sexual-flexibility

A

willingness to deviate from sexual orientation; willingness to deviate from societal sexual norms

Low sexual-flexibility → extreme circumstances to deviate from sexual activity

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15
Q

who is higher in sexual fluidity? (M v. F)

A
  • Women tend to be higher than men (2/3 report same sex fantasies)
    • Men= 1/3 report same sex fantasies
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16
Q

Why are women more sexually flexible than men? (3)

A
  1. Evolutionary explanations: Affiliation with women as adaptive?
    - Difficult for women to survive to expand possibilities for support if the male partner is lost
  2. Sexual imprinting windows
    - Sexual references = shaped by experience
    - Men have a shorter window during adolescence
    • Many can trace their fetish interests back to this period
  3. Self Report Bias
    - Women might be more likely to report
    - Less taboo than for men to report
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17
Q

7 most common “atypical” internet searches

A

Youth, incest, domination, submission, bestiality, transsexual, and “grannies”

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18
Q

top 5 most viewed category in porn in 2021

A
  1. japanese
  2. lesbian
  3. ebony
  4. hentai
  5. MILF
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19
Q

top 3 men vs. women

A

men
1. japanese
2. MILF
3. mature

women
1. lesbian
2. japanese
3. MILF

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20
Q

% canadian viewers that are women?

A

30-40%

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21
Q

How did COVID impact pornography viewership?

A

pornhub traffic increased 11.6%

NOT SUSTAINED

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22
Q

why increase? (2)

A
  1. More time
  2. Terror Management Theory
    • When people are reminded of their mortality, they engage in behaviours to cope with their mortality
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23
Q

COVID Baby Boom? cause boredd?

A

nope

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24
Q

Research by Dr. Lorri Brotto (UBC) how did sexual activity increase and decrease

A
  • Pandemic → more stress (especially true for women)
  • In relationship NOT living with partner = sexual activity INCREASED
  • In relationship LIVING with partner = sexual activity DECREASED
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25
Q

domestic abuse?

A
  • Increased
    • Particularly by women
  • Crisis calls increased
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26
Q

quality of sex life during pandemic?

A

43% -> decline
42% -> same
13% -> improved

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27
Q

frequency?

A

declined

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28
Q

most common new additions made by 1 in 5?

A

new sexual positions, sexting, sharing nude photos, cybersex, filming oneself masturbating, fulfilling sexual fantasies

OTHER: VR porn, remote control dildos

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29
Q

what predicted new additions?

A
  • ^ stress and loneliness = ^ in diverse sexual activities
  • Sex = way to cope with stress of COVID
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30
Q

Statistical definition of abnormal sex

A

Behaviours that are rare (frequency)
- Doesn’t give insight into psychological functioning of person engaging in behaviour
eg: standing on head while having sex

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31
Q

Sociological approach

A

Deviance from norms

  • Depends on society
  • Eg: having a shoe fetish
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32
Q

Legal approach

A

Breaks laws

  • Eg: indecent exposure, sex with kids or animals, etc.
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33
Q

Psychological approach

A

Causes distress or impairment

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34
Q

4Ds of abnormal behaviour:

A
  1. dysfunctional → impairs the person’s functioning in daily life
    1. distress → causes great emotional distress
    2. deviant → desiring sex with a corpse
    3. dangerous → to self or others
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35
Q

Medical approach

A

Paraphilias

  • Identified in DSM-5 (8 specific)
  • MUST be distress or impairment
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36
Q

when is liking an object abnormal

A

becomes necessary for sexual arousal or substitute for human partner

  • Eg: silk panties
    • Really enjoys them
    • Cannot get sexually aroused unless silk panties are involved
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37
Q

in general…

A

wishing to experience sexual behaviour = higher than actual experience

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38
Q

Paraphilic disorder:

A

Atypical sexual interest → NOT mental disorders
“A paraphilic disorder is a paraphilia that is currently causing distress or impairment to the individual or a paraphilia whose satisfaction has entailed personal harm, or risk of harm to others.” (Causes problems in person’s life in some way)

  • distress, impairment, or harm required for diagnosis → distress can’t be result of society’s disapproval
    • Must be included for at least 6 months
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39
Q

Anomalous Activities (3)

A

Distorted behaviours in courtship

  1. voyeuristic
  2. exhibitionistic
  3. frotteuristic
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40
Q

Voyeuristic Disorder

A

(a voyeur would not find watching an exhibitionist arousing)

  • observing an unsuspecting person who is naked, in the process of disrobing, or engaging in sexual activity (peeping toms)
    risk (being caught) → contributes to sexual charge

must be over 18 for diagnosis (kids are curious naturally), unknown prevalence (9.6% men, 2.6% women ?)

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41
Q

Exhibitionistic Disorder

A

Exposing one’s genitals to an unsuspecting person (flashing) Commonly men → women, rare for men → men, or women to expose

“Indecent exposure” → illegal
- can co-occur with pedophilic

  • Prevalence = Unknown
    • 2-4% in males, lower in females ?
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42
Q

what causes Exhibitionistic

A
  • Likely to have experienced adverse events in childhood
    • Father abandonment
    • Physical or emotional abuse
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43
Q

goal of Exhibitionistic

A
  • Produce shock, or another strong emotional response
  • Best thing to do: stay calm, look away, walk away: dont reinforce shock
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44
Q

Frotteuristic Disorder

A
  • Touching or rubbing against a non-consenting person
  • ~30% of male population has engaged in this
    • Almost normalized in nightclubs
    • Recent study = 35% university students reported engaging in this behaviour
  • 4% men, >1% women
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45
Q

Algolagnic Disorders (2)

A

Involve pain and suffering

  1. Sexual Masochism Disorder
  2. Sexual Sadism Disorder
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46
Q

Sexual Masochism Disorder

A
  • Being humiliated, beaten, bound or otherwise made to suffer is sexually exciting to the person
  • Leopold von Sacher-Masoch
    • himself a masochist
    • wrote novels expressing his fantasies
  • Prevalence = 2% men, 1% women
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47
Q

Sexual Sadism Disorder

A
  • psychological or physical suffering, humiliation of the victim is sexually exciting to the person
  • Derived from Marquis de Sade who lived during French Revolution
    • Practiced sadism
    • Apparently several women died from this
  • Causes distress or have acted with unconsenting person
  • Prevalence = Unknown
    • 2% men, less for women
  • Higher in individuals who have committed sexual homicide
    • 37-75% (among men)
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48
Q

Anomalous Target Preference (4)

A

Problematic target of sexual interest

  1. Pedophilic Disorder
  2. Fetishistic Disorder
  3. Transvestic Disorder
  4. Autogynephilia
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49
Q

Pedophilic Disorder

A

DSM-5TR:
1. Over a period of 6 months, recurrent, intense
sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or
behaviors involving sexual activity with a
prepubescent child or children (generally age 13 or
younger).
2. The individual has acted on these urges, or the
sexual urges or fantasies cause marked distress or
interpersonal difficulty.
3. The individual is at least age 16 years and at least 5 years older than the child or children in Criterion A.

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50
Q

PREVALENCE of Pedophilic Disorder

A

less than 3% men, unknown in women (est. to be less)

51
Q

FACTORS of Pedophilic Disorder (5)

A
  1. Increased attention in popular culture and media
  2. Stigmatization
    • Likely affects prevalence
  3. Interaction between CJS (criminal justice system) and mental health
    • Can be a pedophile but never actually engage in child molestation
  4. Challenge: empathy
    • Difficult for clinicians working with individuals struggling with this disorder
  5. Emergence of online support groups
    • Eg: VIRPID = online support group for individuals with interest but DO NOT act on their urges
52
Q

Diagnostic Issues of pedophilic (3)

A
  1. Urges and fantasies versus behaviour
    • Psychologists must report if there is a danger to children
  2. Child molesters are not always pedophiles and vice versa
    • People can molest children for power and control but not as a sexual interest
  3. Pedophilic sexual interest versus PD (pedophilic disorder)
    • Is it disorder or interest?
    • Disorder = must have distress or have acted on it
    • If it is only an interest → don’t meet criteria
53
Q

Fetishistic Disorder

A

fetish causes distress, impairments in daily functioning (extreme cases = unable to become aroused without presence of fetish material)

54
Q

Fetishism definition

A

sexual fixation on some object other than another human being and attaching great erotic significance to that object

  • Typically evolves early → M age of respondents aroused by shoes/feet = 12 years
55
Q

percent of women having a fetish behaviour

A

75%

56
Q

types of fetishes

A
  • Nonliving objects or non-genital body parts
    • Leather, undergarments, shoes, corsets
    • MOST COMMON: feet, hair
  • Stands alone as sexually stimulating
    • No need for other sexual partner
57
Q

Autonepiophilia (Paraphilic Infantilism)

A
  • Impersonating or being treated as an infant
  • Infantilism
58
Q

Sthenolagnia

A

Muscles and displays of strength

59
Q

Feederism

A
  • Feeding partner, often to obesity, or incapacitation
  • Power, care-taker role
60
Q

Transvestic Disorder

A
  • Intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving cross-dressing
    • Not about performance art or expressing gender
    • Cross-dressing for sexual arousal
    • Almost exclusively male sexual variation (essentially unknown among women)
      • Cultural tolerance of women who wear masc clothing vs. men in femme dress, and women’s clothing is sensual by desgin vs. men’s → functional
61
Q

PREVALENCE of transvestic disorder

A

rare— >3% males, less for women

  • 87% hetero, 60% married, 66% = first experience occurred before age 10

Many adolescent boys cross-dress a few times → considered normal

Disorder = done in private for sexual arousal

62
Q

Stages in partner’s reaction to transvestic (4)

A
  1. discovery or disclosure
  2. turmoil for both in relationship
  3. negotiation: what is acceptable?? boundaries?
  4. if acceptable = finding a new balance
63
Q

Transvestic disorder can be accompanied by:

A

Autogynephilia

64
Q

Autogynephilia: Blanchard

A

A male’s paraphilic tendency to be sexually aroused by the thought/image of himself as a female

65
Q

subtypes

A
  • Transvestic – wearing women’s clothing
  • Behavioural – typically feminine behaviours (e.g., knitting)
  • Physiologic – pregnancy, menstruation, breast feeding
  • Anatomic – having a women’s body
66
Q

BD

A
  1. Bondage and discipline (B-D)
    • Physical and psychological restraint
    • NOT pain inflicting
    • May enforce obedience and servitude
67
Q

DS

A
  1. Dominance and submission (D-S)
    • Dominant partner uses power to control and sexually stimulate the sub
    • Behaviours, customs, and rituals relating to the giving and accepting of dominance
68
Q

SM

A
  1. Sadomasochism (S-M)
    • More rare
      • 3-11% M → sadist
      • 2-6% M → masochists
    • 65% fantasize about being tied up; 62% about tying someone up
    • Pain, degradation, and humiliation
    • Hyper-masculinity, administering and receiving pain, physical restriction, and humiliation
69
Q

4 clusters/themes:

A
  1. hypermasculinity (dildo, enema)
  2. administering and receiving pain (caning, waxing, clothespins)
  3. physical restriction (handcuffs, straightjackets)
  4. humiliation (verbal, face slapping)
    • flagellation (least intense—81%)
    • verbal humiliation (70%)
    • gagging (53%)
    • face slapping (37%)
    • knives to make surface wounds (11%)
70
Q

Spankos

A

fascinated by spanking from a young age

71
Q

BDSM munches

A

informal gathering of ppl interested in BDSM usually at a restaurant to discuss interests

72
Q

RACK

A

Risk-Aware Consensual Kink

73
Q

PRICK

A

Personal Responsibility Informed Consensual Kink

74
Q

BDSM Myths (5)

A
  1. Submissives want/like to be victims (i.e., abuse)
  2. Submissives have no control
  3. Scenarios have to increase in severity
  4. Can lead to serious injury and psychological trauma
  5. BDSM always involves sex (or intercourse)
    can be nonsexual eg: acting as a foot stool :) for an hour or so :)
75
Q

Myths About Participants (5)

A
  1. Have psychological problems
  2. Can’t have normal intimate relationships
  3. Like pain in general
  4. Are all sex abuse survivors
  5. Are all weirdos
76
Q

BDSM Learning theory

A
  • Classical conditioning → learned association
  • Pairing sexual pleasure with pain
  • Boy is spanked and penis rubs against mother’s knee → arousal
77
Q

Endorphins theory

A

Released when engaging in BDSM activity

78
Q

Escape from the self theory

A
  • Suspend regular everyday life and take on a different role
  • More men enjoy sexual masochism → takes them out of traditional masculine role and escape from reality
79
Q

Giving oneself over for another’s pleasure theory

A
  • Putting partner’s needs above own → getting pleasure from giving pleasure
  • **Sexual communal strength**
80
Q

Cognitive Theory

A
  • Cognitive distortions in which they perceive an unconventional stimulus (shoes) as erotic
  • Perception of arousal is distorted
    • Driven to sexual behaviour when aroused but might actually be caused by feelings of guilt and self-loathing
81
Q

Courtship Theory

A

distortions (exaggerations) in courtship
behaviour during adolescence become ingrained

82
Q

Looking for a potential partner

A

initial phase of courtship
- Might manifest as voyeurism

83
Q

Pretactile interaction

A

talking or flirting with a potential
partner
- Exhibitionism

84
Q

Tactile interaction

A

usually consists of touching, hugging, hand holding, etc. (this could also be considered foreplay)
- Frotteurism

85
Q

Affecting genital union

A

more commonly known as sexual intercourse
- Rape, sexual assault

86
Q

Learning Theory

A

classical conditioning
- Pairing of non-sexual stimuli with sexual arousal

87
Q

Biological Theory

A

brain organization
- Evidence: people tend to have more than one fetish suggesting a neurological pattern / organization

88
Q

Lovemap Theory

A
  • Developed by John Money
  • Combination of biological and learning theories
  • During childhood, develop template for sexual relationships
  • Disruptions → paraphilias
89
Q

personal blueprint for ideal erotic experiences

A
  • Developed from birth
  • Formed around puberty
  • Random experiences that provoke arousal (being spanked, getting aroused in public settings) might cause a disturbance in development and leading to pairing experience with something inappropriate
    • Leads to paraphilia
90
Q

AA-Type 12-Step Programs

A
  • most effective for rapists and exhibitionists
  • least effective for intrafamily child sex offenders
91
Q

Surgical Castration

A

Used in Europe and US

92
Q

types of Therapy (3)

A
  1. Psychoeducation, Acceptance, and Integration
  2. Couples Therapy (if partnered)
    • Working towards integrating sexual interest into relationship with partner
    • Generally partners are understanding and want to develop a relationship that is satisfying for both
  3. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
    • Anxiety reduction, reduced rumination, reduced intrusive thoughts
    • Challenge cognitive distortions, e.g., catastrophizing, black and white thinking
    • Behaviour management (if risk)
93
Q

Mutlisystemetic therapy (MST)

A
  • family therapy, behavioural (parent) skills training, and CBT
  • addresses youth and caregiver denial about offence
94
Q

Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy

A

Used extensively to treat incarcerated sex offenders

  1. education on condition and contributing factors (such as classical and operant conditioning)
  2. practice in impulse-control and mindfulness
  3. training in problem-solving if experiencing depression, anxiety, or boredom
  4. cognitive restructuring to deal with negative thoughts (modifications of distorted thinking)
  5. skills to prevent relapse
95
Q

Aversion therapy

A
  • Pairing of unpleasant stimuli with problematic stimuli
  • Associate sexual interest with unpleasantness
96
Q

Social skills training

A

Learn to better interact with appropriate target

97
Q

Orgasmic reconditioning

A
  • Pairing of sexual arousal with appropriate target
  • Expanding sexual interest through masturbation
98
Q

Most effective drug overall

A

Leuprolide acetate (LA)

99
Q

Most effective with juvenile offenders

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
- Dampen sex drive → help reduce drive towards distressing sexual interests

100
Q

Anti-androgens

A

(i.e., chemical castration)

  • Reduces sex drive
    • Usedin the past with sex offenders
    • 80-90% of men within 12 weeks
101
Q

Sexual Compulsions

A

Intense, sexually arousing fantasies, urges and associated behavior that are intrusive and driven and repetitive

102
Q

Carne’s 4-step cycle: triggered by negative affect

A

From book: The Sexual Addiction

  1. Preoccupation
    • Person can think of nothing other than sexual act
  2. Rituals
    • Preludes to sexual act
  3. Compulsive sexual behaviour
    • Feeling out of control when engaging in behaviour
  4. Despair
    • Despair over lack of control

PREVALENCE: 5% of population → more common in men than in women

103
Q

Dogging

A

term used to describe outdoor sexual activity

104
Q

Nymphomania

A

hypersexuality in WOMEN

105
Q

Satyriases

A

hypersexuality in MEN (or, Don Juanism)

106
Q

Most common unconventional behaviours:

A
  • compulsive masturbation
  • protracted promiscuity
  • dependence on pornography
107
Q

6 Types of Hypersexual persons:

A
  1. paraphilic hypersexuality
    • porn consumption, solicitation, fetishes, voyeurism
  2. avoidant masturbation
    • viewing pornography and several hours per day masturbating
    • leads to school failure, job loss, social isolation
  3. chronic adultery
    • chronically cheat on spouses
    • few have paraphilic interests and do not spend large amounts of time pursuing sexual gratification
    • report desire for daily sex
      • sex with wives → infrequent, does not occur (due to dyspareunia, low libido, or past sexual abuse)
  4. sexual guilt
    • sexual activity is in the normal range but they feel extremely guilty about it
    • more likely to be women
  5. designated patient
    • referred by romantic partner → has restricted beliefs about sex and discovers activity they dont approve of
    • shows no signs of behavioural extremes / paraphilic disorder
  6. diagnosed with non-sexual condition → personality disorder, hypomania, developmental delay, etc.
    • symptoms may be related to medications
108
Q

OSA

A

online sexual activity

109
Q

3 categories of OSA

A
  1. ****non-arousal OSA:**** looking for sex info, searching for advice about sexual relationships, joining a dating service, joining a kink community
  2. ****solitary-arousal OSA:**** viewing sexually explicit photos, watching others engaged in sex on a webcam, posting a photo of yourself engaging in sex
  3. **partnered-arousal OSA (cybersex):** having an avatar engage in sex with another avatar, online sexual chat, electronic toy controlled by someone else, doing things on a webcam for someone else
110
Q

3 As of the internet

A
  1. anonymity
  2. accessibility
  3. affordability
111
Q

Co-occurrences with problematic internet users (3)

A

(15-20 hours per week on sexual pursuits)

  • depressed
  • report sleep disturbances
  • alcohol and drug abuse
112
Q

Asphyxiophilia (erotic asphysication)

A
  • Desire to induce oneself in a state of oxygen deficiency to create sexual arousal or enhance sexual excitement and orgasm
    • deaths: 3:1 Men to women
    • WHY? → belief that orgasm/arousal intensified by oxygen deprivation and urethral ejaculation (no evidence for this)
113
Q

Zoophilia (bestiality)

A
  • Sexual contact with an animal
  • Zoophiles → different than bestialists
    • Emphasis on concern for animal’s welfare and consensuality
  • 8% men
    • 17% boys on farms
  • 3-4% women
  • WHY?
    • desire for affection
    • pleasurable sex
114
Q

Saliromania

A
  • mainly in men
  • desire to damage or soil a woman or clothes, or an image of a woman (painting or statue)
115
Q

Coprophilia

A

feces important to sexual satisfaction

116
Q

**********urophilia**********

A
  • Urine important for satisfaction
  • “golden showers” or “water sports”
117
Q

Necrophilia

A
  • Sex with dead person
  • Mild → severe
    • mild = fantasies
    • extreme = kills person to have sex with
118
Q

Sexsomnia

A
  • Sleep sex
  • Automatic, unintentional behaviours during sleep
  • Occurs during nonrapid eye movement sleep
    • Reduced cortical control → uninhibited behaviour
  • Unaware of behaviour, no memory of what happened
  • Broad → fondling, masturbation, cunnilingus, sexual intercourse, sexual assault
  • 80% = men
  • Causal features: sleep apnea, sleep deprivation, stress, alcohol use or abuse, medication
  • Considered a sleep disorder (not paraphilia)
119
Q

Primary prevention

A

intervening in home life or other factors during childhood to prevent problems from developing or teach people how to cope with crises or stress so problems don’t develop

120
Q

Secondary prevention

A

identify individual high at-risk to minimize difficulties

121
Q

Alternative approaches → Component of Sexual Development

A

Idea: ensure child has healthy development of these components:

  1. Sexual responsiveness (arousal to appropriate or inappropriate stimuli)
  2. Formation of relationships with others
122
Q

problems with term “sexual addition”

A

no withdrawal from abstinence (not chemically dependent), social construction for behaviour we dont like, medicalization of sex

123
Q

Compulsive sexual behaviour

A

Individual experiences sexual arousing fantasies, urges, and associated sexual behaviours that are intrusive, driven, and repetitive
INDIVIDUAL HAS LOST CONTROL OVER BEHAVIOUR
5% of population, 70% are men

PSYC 350 - FINAL (6 decks)

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