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Ophthalmology > 1.6: Microbiology > Flashcards

1.6: Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Give an example of a gram positive cocci?

A

Strep Staph

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2
Q

Give an example of a gram negative cocci?

A

Neisseria

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3
Q

Give an example of a gram negative bacilli?

A

Pseudomonas

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4
Q

Give an example of a gram negative cocci-bacilli?

A

H. Influenzae

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5
Q

What is infection of the conjunctiva called?

A

Conjunctivitis

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6
Q

What is infection of the cornea called?

A

Keratitis

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7
Q

What is infection of the entire globe called?

A

Endophthalmitis

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8
Q

What is infection of the skin around the eye called?

A

Cellulitis

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9
Q

What is bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

This is an acute infection of the conjunctiva of the eye, caused by bacteria. Causes a red and inflamed eye

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10
Q

What are the causative organisms in bacterial conjunctivitis of neonates?

A

Staph Aureus

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

Chlamydia Trachomatis

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11
Q

What should be done in neonatal bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Ophthalmology referral

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12
Q

What are the causative organisms in bacterial conjunctivitis of all ages?

A

Staph Aureus

Strep Pneumoniae

Haemophilus Influenzae

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13
Q

Which of the causative organisms in bacterial conjunctivitis of all ages is most common in children?

A

Haemophilus Influenzae

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14
Q

Treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Swab Chloramphenicol - Drops/Ointment

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15
Q

When should you not give Chloramphenicol?

A
  • History of aplastic anaemia
  • Allergy
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16
Q

What would you consider if symptoms weren’t resolving on Chloramphenicol and were instead getting worse?

A

Possible Chloramphenicol Allergy?

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17
Q

Describe viral conjunctivitis?

A

Red eye caused by virus (normally adenovirus) Leads to red, itchy, inflamed eye that may tear up Self limiting Contagious

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18
Q

Describe causes of viral conjunctivitis?

A

Adenovirus

Herpes Simplex

Herpes Zoster

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19
Q

Describe presentation of herpes simplex? Common in?

A

Red, itchy, inflamed eye Often eyelid skin is involved and covered in vesicular lesions Common in children and infants

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20
Q

Describe presentation of herpes zoster?

A

Presents as fever, malaise, severe pain and lesions along the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. May also have ocular discharge and conjunctivitis.

21
Q

Young, sexually active adult with bilateral conjunctivitis You should consider..?

A

Chlamydia Conjunctivitis

22
Q

What is Chlamydia Conjunctivitis?

A

This is conjunctivitis caused by chlamydia trachomatis Often unresponsive to treatment Presents with a red eye Common in young, sexually active adult Requires contact tracing

23
Q

Symptoms of chlamydia conjunctivitis?

A

Chronic Conjunctivitis Purulent Discharge May have vaginitis or urethritis

24
Q

What is Hypopyon?

A

This is inflammatory cells in the anterior chamber Appears as yellowish exudate

25
Q

Describe bacterial keratitis? Associated with?

A

This is bacterial infection of the cornea Requires hospital admission for daily review and hourly eye drops Often associated with other corneal pathology or contact lens wearing

26
Q

Describe herpes keratitis?

A

Herpes infection of the cornea Often presents with a dendritic ulcer Very painful

27
Q

Treatment of herpes keratitis? Cautious about?

A

Aciclovir (Anti-viral) Never give steroids alone to herpes keratitis - increase virus growth leading to corneal melting and perforation

28
Q

Describe adenovirus keratitis? Treatment?

A

Usually bilateral Follows upper respiratory tract infection Can damage vision and become chronic May give topical antibiotics to prevent secondary infection and steroids to speed up recovery

29
Q

Describe fungal keratitis?

A

Common in those with contact lenses Caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa or acanthamoeba Takes a long time to heal Usually history of trauma by vegetation

30
Q

Describe cellulitis?

A

Very painful especially when moving the eye Can cause pyrexia Associated with paranasal sinusitis Sight threatening

31
Q

Radiography in someone with cellulitis?

A

CT scan for intra-orbital abscess

32
Q

Describe treatment in orbital cellulitis?

A

Broad spectrum antibiotics Abscess drainage Monitor Closely

33
Q

Name some organisms in orbital cellulitis?

A

Staphylococci Streptococci Coliforms Haemophilus Influenzae

34
Q

What is endophthalmitis? Causes?

A

Infection affecting the entire globe (inside the eye) Very painful with decreasing vision Red eye Sight threatening Post-surgery or endogenous Most commonly conjunctival commissars - staph epidermis

35
Q

Treatment for endophthalmitis?

A

Intravitreal antibiotics - Amikacin - Vancomycin Topical antibiotics

36
Q

What is chorioretinitis? Causative organisms?

A

This is the inflammation of the choroid and the retina CMV - Cytomegalovirus (In immunosuppressed eg: Aids) Toxoplasma Gondii Toxocara Canis (Worm)

37
Q

Describe CMV Chorioretinitis?

A

Only occurs in immunosuppressed people e.g.: those with aids Can cause hemorrhagic retina

38
Q

Describe toxoplasma gondii chorioretinitis?

A

This causes a mild, flu like illness Rarely causes any further problem In immunocompetent patients, it enters latent phase Very common

39
Q

Describe toxocara Canis chorioretinits?

A

This is roundworm Found in cats and dogs - can’t replicate in humans Can get into eyes and form granulomas Self limiting

40
Q

Describe 5 samples/microbiology tests done for diagnosis of eye infection

A

Cultures - Bacterial/Viral Eye Scrapes - Bacterial Keratitis Aqueous/Vitrous - Endophthalmitis Serology - Toxoplasma/Toxocara Microscopy - Acanthamoeba

41
Q

Describe Chloramphenicol? Side effects?

A

Most commonly used topical antibiotic Ointment or drops Broad spectrum antibiotic Bactericidal and bacteriostatic Allergy Irrevesible aplastic anaemia (rare) Grey Baby Syndrome

42
Q

Describe Aciclovir?

A

anti-viral Inhibits viral DNA synthesis Used for dendritic ulcers of the cornea

43
Q

Should you use steroid drops in viral diseases?

A

NO Causes multiplication of virus

44
Q

What bacteria does Chloramphenicol not treat?

A

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

45
Q

Describe Fusidic acid?

A

Another antibiotic Used against staph aureus

46
Q

Describe Gentamicin?

A

Another antibiotic Treats most gram negative bacteria Can treat pseudomonas

47
Q

Three treatments for bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Chloramphenicol Fusidic Aci Gentamicin

48
Q

Treatment for chlamydial conjunctivitis?

A

Topical Oxytetracycline

49
Q

Treatment for bacterial keratitis?

A

Ofloxacin (A quinolone) Gentamicin + Cefuroxime

Ophthalmology (19 decks)

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