16 Marker Plans Attachment

Question 1

Caregiver infant interactions

Answer 1

Reciprocity
Interactional synchrony

Filmed observations
Difficulty observing babies
Developmental importance
Counter- Isabella et al.

Question 2

Schaffers stages of attachment

Answer 2

Asocial stage
Indiscriminate attachment
Specific attachment
Multiple attachments

Good external validity
Counter - social desirability bias
Poor evidence for asocial stage
Real world application

Question 3

Role of the father

Answer 3

Attachment to fathers
Distinctive role
Fathers as primary attachment figures

Confusion over research question
Conflicting evidence
Counter point- adaptation
Real world application

Question 4

Animal studies of attachment

Answer 4

Lorenz
Imprinting
Sexual imprinting

Research support
Generalisability to humans

Harlow
Importance of contact comfort
maternally deprived monkeys as adults
Critical period

Real world value
Generalisability to humans

Question 5

Explanations of attachment : learning theory

Answer 5

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Attachment as secondary drive

Counter evidence from human
Counter evidence from animal
Some conditioning involved
Counter- not active role

Question 6

Explanations of attachment : Bowlby’s theory

Answer 6

Monotropy
Social releasers
Internal working model

Validity of monotropy challenged
Support for social releasers
Support for internal working model
Counter- reductionist

Question 7

Types of attachment

Answer 7

Strange situation procedure
Findings - types of attachment

Good predictive validity
Counter- is it attachment
Good reliability
Culture bound

Question 8

Studies of cultural variations

Answer 8

Van Ijendoorn and Kroonenbergs
Other studies -Jin, simonelli
Conclusions

Takano and Osaka
Indigenous researchers
Confounding variables
Encourages an emic approach in future

Question 9

Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation

Answer 9

Separation vs deprivation
Critical period
Effects on development
Bowlby’s research -44 thieves

Flawed evidence
Counter- rats
Deprivation vs privation
Critical vs sensitive periods

Question 10

Institutionalisation - Romanian orphan studies

Answer 10

Rutter et al
Zeanah et al
Effects of institutionalisation

Real world application
Fewer confounding variables
Counter- still some
Lack of adult data

Question 11

Influence of attachment on later relationships

Answer 11

Internal working model
Relationships in childhood
Relationships in adulthood

Research support
Counter- no continuity
Validity issues
Confounding variables