16 Mark Essays Flashcards
Genetic explanations propose
One or more genes predispose individuals to criminal behaviour
MAOA
Monoamine oxidase A
What did Stephen Mobley do?
He argued that he should escape the death penalty because he “was born to be a criminal”
Stephen Mobley based his claim on
Han Brunner
What did Han Brunner do?
He researched 28 members of a Dutch family who had a history of impulsive and violent criminal behaviour such as rape or attempted murder
Brunner et al date
1993
How did Brunner find his findings?
He analysed the DNA of these men
What did Brunner find?
They all shared a particular gene that led to abnormally low levels of MAOA
CDH13
Cadherin 13
Jari Tiihonen Date
2015
What did Tiihonen et al do?
Looked at the DNA of 900 offenders
What did Tiihonen et al find?
He found evidence of low MAOA activity and also low activity from the CDH13 gene
Tiihonen et al estimated that
5-10% of all crime committed in Finland is due to abnormalities in one of these two genes
Epigenetics propose an interplay where genes
Are turned on and off by epigenomes which are affected by environmental factors
One important environmental factor is
Mistreatment in childhood
Caspi et al date
2002
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
Raine Date
2004
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
Caspi et al date
2002
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
Raine Date
2004
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
Caspi et al date
2002
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
Raine Date
2004
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
Caspi et al date
2002
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
Raine Date
2004
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
Caspi et al date
2002
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
Raine Date
2004
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
Caspi et al date
2002
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
Raine Date
2004
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
Caspi et al date
2002
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
Raine Date
2004
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
Caspi et al date
2002
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
Raine Date
2004
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
Caspi et al date
2002
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
Raine Date
2004
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
Caspi et al date
2002
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
