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A. White- Microbiology > 16- Epidemiology > Flashcards

16- Epidemiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sporadic disease?

A

A disease that occurs occasionally and at irregular intervals

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2
Q

Endemic disease?

A

Disease that maintains a relatively steady low-level frequency at a moderately regular level

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3
Q

Hyperendemic disease?

A

Diseases that gradually increase in frequency beyond the endemic level but not to the epidemic level

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4
Q

Epidemic?

A

A sudden increase in the occurrence of disease above the expected level

  • the first case is called an index case
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5
Q

Pandemic?

A

An increase in disease occurrence within a large population over at least two countries around the world

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6
Q

Outbreak?

A

The sudden, unexpected occurrence of disease, usually in a limited segment of the population

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7
Q

Public health surveillance?

A
  • protecting populations and improving the health of communities via education, promotion of healthy lifestyles, and prevent ions of disease and injury
  • methodical approach to identify issues
    » review death certificates
    » field investigation of epidemics
    » investigation of actual cases
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8
Q

What can remote sensing and geographic information systems used for?

A

These are map-based tools that can be used to study the distribution, dynamics, and environmental correlates of microbial diseases

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9
Q

Remote sensing (RS)?

A

Gathers digital images of the Earth’s surface from satellites and from one biological sensors and transforms the data into maps

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10
Q

Geographic information system (GIS)?

A

A data management system that organizes and displays digital map data from RS and facilitates the analysis of relationships between mapped features

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11
Q

What are the 3 important statistical measures of disease control?

A
  • morbidity rate
  • prevalence rate
  • mortality rate
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12
Q

Morbidity rate?

A
  • incidence rate
  • number of new cases in a specific time period per unit population
  • # new cases during a specific time/ # individuals in population
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13
Q

Prevalence rate?

A
  • total number of individuals infected at any one time
  • depends both on the incidence rate and duration of illness
  • (total # of cases in population/ total population) X 100
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14
Q

Mortality rate?

A

The number of deaths from a disease per number of cases of the disease

  • # deaths due to a given disease/ total population with disease
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15
Q

Infectious disease?

A
  • disease resulting from an infection by microbial agents such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, Protozoa, and helminths
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16
Q

Communicable disease?

A

Infectious disease that can be transmitted from one host to another

17
Q

Contagious disease?

A

A disease that is easily spread from one host to another

18
Q

Noncommunicable disease?

A

A disease that is not transmitted from one host to another

19
Q

Acute disease?

A

Symptoms develop rapidly

20
Q

Chronic disease?

A

Disease develops slowly

21
Q

Subacute disease?

A

Symptoms between acute and chronic

22
Q

Latent disease?

A

Disease with a period of no symptoms when the causative agent is inactive

23
Q

These surveillance methods are used to recognize and measure infectious disease in a population?

A
  • gathering information on development and occurrence of a disease
  • collating and analyzing the data
  • summarizing the findings
  • selecting control methods
24
Q

What are the two types of epidemics?

A
  • common source epidemic

- propagated source epidemic

25
Q

Common source epidemic?

A

Result from a single common contaminated source

26
Q

Propagated epidemic?

A

Results from the introduction of one infected individual into a susceptible group, infection is propagated to others

27
Q

Herd immunity?

A
  • resistance of a population to infection and to spread of an infectious organism because of the immunity of a large percentage of the population
  • level can be altered by the introduction of new susceptible individuals into the population
  • levels can be altered by changes in pathogen (antigenic shift OR antigenic drift)
28
Q

Antigenic shift?

A

Major changes in the antigenic character of the pathogen

29
Q

Antigenic drift?

A

Smaller antigenic changes in the character of the pathogen

30
Q

What is the focus of systematic epidemiology?

A

Focuses on the ecological and social factors that influence the development and spread of emerging and reemerging diseases

  • numerous factors have been identified
31
Q

What are some reasons for increases in emerging and reemerging diseases (10)?

A
  • world population growth
  • increased international travel
  • habitat disruption
  • microbial evolution and development of resistance
  • inadequate public infrastructures
  • changes in ecology and climate
  • social unrest, wars, and bioterrorism
  • changes in food processing and agricultural practices
  • changes in human behavior, technology, and industry
  • medical practices that lead to immunosuppression
32
Q

Nosocomial infections?

A
  • hospital acquired infections that result from pathogens acquired by patients while in a hospital or other health-care facilities
  • often caused by bacteria that are members of normal microbiota
  • many hospital pathogen strains are antibiotic resistant
33
Q

Endogenous pathogen?

A

Pathogen brought into the hospital by patient or acquired when patient is colonized after admission

34
Q

Exogenous pathogen?

A

Microbiota other than the patient’s

35
Q

Autogenous infection?

A
  • caused by an agent derived from microbiota of patient despite whether it became part of patient’s microbiota following admission
36
Q

What is the national focus of the CDC (3)?

A
  • developing and applying disease prevention and control
  • environmental health
  • health promotion and health education activities designed to improve the health of people

A. White- Microbiology (11 decks)

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