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A. White- Microbiology > 15- Overview Of The Clinical Microbiology Laboratory > Flashcards

15- Overview Of The Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some indirect identification methods of microbes?

A
  • serology

- immunofluorescence

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2
Q

These bacteria are not routinely cultured and instead are identified with special stains, immunologic tests, or molecular methods such as PCR (3)?

A
  • rickettsias
  • chlamydiae
  • mycoplasmas
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3
Q

These are produced by hybrids a cells and recognize a single epitope?

A

Monoclonal antibodies (mAb)

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4
Q

Where would you get chimeric monoclonal antibodies from?

A

Genetically modified mice that produce AB with a human constant region

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5
Q

What are humanize do monoclonal antibodies?

A

Monoclonal antibodies that are mostly human, except for mouse antigen-binding

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6
Q

What are fully human antibodies?

A

Monoclonal antibodies produces from a human gene on a mouse

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7
Q

What are hybridoma cells?

A

“Immortal” cancerous B cells fused with normal antibody-producing B cells

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8
Q

Immunofluorescence?

A
  • process in which fluorescent dyes are exposed to UV , violet, or blue light to make them fluoresce
  • dyes can be coupled to antibody molecules without changing the antibody’ stability to bind to a specific antigen
  • can be used as direct fluorescent-antibody (FA) technique or indirect fluorescent-antibody (IFA) technique assay
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9
Q

These methods are used for the detection of parasites?

A

Histological staining of blood, negative staining of other body fluids, and immunofluorescence staining so are routinely used in identification of parasites

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10
Q

These are some of the molecular genetic methods used in clinical microbiology labs (6)?

A
  • Nucleic acid probes; DNA hybridization
  • PCR and real time PCR
  • ribotyping (16S rRNA analysis)
  • multilocus sequence typing (MLST)
  • genomic fingerprinting
  • plasmid fingerprinting
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11
Q

Ribotyping?

A
  • used to identify bacterial genera
  • based on high levels of 16S rRNA gene conservation among bacteria
  • rRNA encoding genes or fragments are amplified by PCR
  • the nucleotide sequence of the amplified DNA is determined and compared with those in the National Center for Biotechnology (NCBI)
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12
Q

Plasmid fingerprinting?

A

Characterizes bacteria based on the number of plasmids and their molecular weight

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13
Q

When would using immunological techniques for the detection of antigens or antibodies in specimens be useful?

A

When cultural methods are unavailable or impractical or antimicrobial therapy has been started

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14
Q

Advances in clinical immunology has given rise to a marked increase in the number, sensitivity, and specificity of serological tests. This has increased the understanding of what (4)?

A
  • immune cell surface antigens (CDs)
  • lymphocyte biology
  • production of monoclonal antibodies
  • development of sensitive antibody-binding reporter systems
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15
Q

These are essential to the the proper interpretation of immunological tests?

A

Test selection and timing

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16
Q

Serotyping?

A

The use of serum or purified antibodies to specifically detect and identify other molecules

17
Q

How can serotyping be used?

A
  • can be used to differentiate strains (servals or serotyping) of microorganisms that differ in antigenic composition of a structure or product

—-e.g., since virulence factor genes often occur in the same clone with genes for antigenic cell wall material, it is possible to serological identify a pathogen by testing for cell wall antigens–

18
Q

Quelling reaction?

A

swelling of capsular material following the addition of antiserum specific for a capsular type

19
Q

Direct serological tests test for what?

A

The presence of antigens (from patient sample)

20
Q

Indirect serological tests test for what?

A

The presence of antibodies (in patient’s serum)

21
Q

What are agglutinates?

A

Visible clumps or aggregates of cells or particles

22
Q

When does an agglutination reaction occur?

A

When an immune complex is formed by cross-linking cells or particles with specific antibodies.

23
Q

Hemagglutination?

A

Usually results from antibodies cross-linking red blood cells through attachment to surface antigens

  • used in blood typing
24
Q

Widal test?

A

Reaction involving the agglutination of typhoid bacilli when they are mixed with serum containing typhoid antibodies form an individual who has typhoid fever

  • diagnostic for typhoid fever
25
Q

Antibody titer?

A

The concentration of antibodies against a particular antigen

26
Q

T/F: some viruses are able to agglutinate RBCs?

A

True

27
Q

The visions of certain viruses can bind to BRCs , causing he agglutination. If serum containing specific antibodies to the virus is mixed with the RBCs, the antibodies will neutralize the virus and inhibit hemagglutination. Is this indicative of a positive or negative test?

A

Positive

28
Q

Summarize complement fixation.

A
  • binding of complement to an antigen-antibody complex
  • basis of diagnostic tests that determine if antibodies to an antigen are present in patient’s serum
  • very sensitive, measure extremely small amounts of antibody
29
Q

Hemolysis of RBCs ant the indicator stage of the complement fixation test would indicate a positive or a negative test?

A

Negative test

30
Q

No hemolysis of RBCs ant the indicator stage of the complement fixation test would indicate a positive or a negative test?

A

Positive

31
Q

Summarize Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA) test.

A
  • one of the most widely used serological tests
  • can be direct (antigens) OR indirect (antibodies)
  • reaction visualized by the addition of chromagen
32
Q

What are some direct identification methods for microbes?

A
  • growth and biochemical characteristics
  • microscopy
  • molecular methods
  • bacteriophage typing
  • immunologic tests
33
Q

Summarize immunoprecipitation (3).

A
  • detects soluble Ag reacting with Ab (precipitins)
  • Binding of AB to Ag forms lattice that precipitates
  • lattice formation occurs only in optimal ratio of Ag to Ab
34
Q

This area is where you would see the precipitation of antigens and antibodies?

A

Zone of equivalence (precipitation bands)

35
Q

Summarize flow cytometry?

A
  • it detects organisms in clinical samples
  • detection is based on cytometry can parameters or by the use of fluorochromes (fluorochromes are often bound to antibodies or oligonucleotides)
36
Q

What is an antibody neutralization reaction?

A

Binding of an antibody to biologically active materials (such as bacteria, toxins, or viruses) causes their inactivation.

A. White- Microbiology (11 decks)

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