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A. White- Microbiology > 10-Innate Host Resistance > Flashcards

10-Innate Host Resistance Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Susceptibility?

A

The lack of resistance to a disease.

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2
Q

Immunity?

A

Ability to ward off a disease.

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3
Q

Immune system?

A

Recognizes foreign substances or microbes and acts to neutralize or destroy them.

  • composed of widely distributed cells, tissues, and organs.
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4
Q

Innate immunity?

A

Defenses against any pathogen

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5
Q

Adaptive immunity?

A

Immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen

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6
Q

Components of the first line of defense?

A
  • skin
  • mucus membranes and their secretions
  • normal microbiota
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7
Q

Components of second line of defense?

A
  • phagocytes, such as neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, and macrophages
  • inflammation
  • fever
  • antimicrobial substances
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8
Q

Components of third line of defense?

A
  • specialized lymphocytes: T cells and B cells

- antibodies

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9
Q

B cell activation leads to what?

A

The production of antibodies

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10
Q

What are some direct factors that can impact our physical barriers?

A
  • nutrition
  • physiology
  • fever
  • age
  • genetics
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11
Q

What are some indirect factors that can impact our barriers?

A
  • personal hygiene
  • socioeconomic status
  • living conditions
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12
Q

How does lysozyme act as an antimicrobial secretion?

A

Hydrolyzes bond connecting sugars in peptidoglycan

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13
Q

How does lactoferrin act as an antimicrobial secretion?

A

Secreted by activated macrophages and PMNs. Also, sequesters iron from plasma

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14
Q

How does lactoperoxidase act as an antimicrobial secretion?

A

By producing superoxide radicals

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15
Q

Why is it that the lower respiratory system is free of microbes?

A

Because of alveolar macrophages in the lungs that eliminate microbes

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16
Q

Paneth cells of the intestinal tract produces these antimicrobial substances? (2)

A
  • lysozyme

- cryptins

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17
Q

Bacteriocins?

A

Toxic proteins that are lethal to other strains of the same species of closely related bacteria

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18
Q

Three majors activities of the complement system?

A
  • defending against bacterial infections
  • bridging innate and adaptive immunity
  • disposing of wastes
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19
Q

What are the three pathways of complement activation?

A
  • alternative pathway
  • lectin pathway
  • classical pathway
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20
Q

This complement path way begins with the activation of C3 and eventually results in the formation of a membrane attack complex?

A

Alternative complement pathway

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21
Q

This complement pathway is usually dependent on antibody-antigen interactions and result in opsonization, chemotaxis and the membrane attack complex?

A

Classical complement pathway

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22
Q

This complement pathway begins with the activation of C3 and lectin binding?

A

Lectin complement pathway

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23
Q

Cytokines?

A

Soluble proteins or glycoproteins that are released by one cell population that act as intercellular mediators or SIGNALING MOLECULES

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24
Q

These can bind bacterial surfaces and act as opsonins?

A

Acute phase proteins

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25
Q

What are your granulocytes?

A
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
  • neutrophils
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26
Q

Name some of the formed elements in the blood. (8)

A
  • RBCs
  • Leukocytes
  • monocytes
  • dendritic cells
  • natural killer cells
  • t-cells
  • b-cells
  • platelets
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27
Q

Primary organs and tissues?

A

Sites where lymphocytes mature and differentiate into antigen-sensitive mature B and T cells

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28
Q

Secondary organs and tissues?

A

Areas where lymphocytes may encounter and bind antigen

  • followed by proliferation and differentiation into fully mature effector cells
29
Q

These recognize and bind unique PAMPs of viruses, bacteria, or fungi?

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

30
Q

Susceptibility?

A

The lack of resistance to a disease

31
Q

Inflammation?

A

Nonspecific response to tissue injury. Characterized by redness, warmth, pain, swelling, and altered function

32
Q

The presence of antigens in the body ultimately lead to ___________ which leads to the production of antibodies?

A

B-cell activation

33
Q

This chemical participates in the first line of defense and is responsible for forming a protective acidic film over the skin surfaces that inhibits microbial growth?

A

Sebum

34
Q

What are the three major activities of the complement system?

A
  • defending against bacterial infections
  • bridging innate and adaptive immunity
  • disposing of wastes
35
Q

What is opsonization?

A

Process in which microorganisms or inanimate particles are coated by serum components, thereby preparing them for recognition and ingestion by phagocytic cells.

36
Q

Name some effects of complement activation.

A
  • opsonization or immune adherence: enhanced phagocytosis
  • membrane attack complex: cytolysis
  • attract phagocytes
37
Q

This complement pathway is dependent on integration of host mannose-binding protein (MBP) with pathogen surfaces?

A

Lectin complement pathway

38
Q

List three ways that some bacteria can evade the complement system.

A
  • capsules prevent C activation
  • surface lipid-carbohydrates prevent membrane attack complex (MAC) formation
  • enzymatic digestion of C5a
39
Q

Autocrines?

A

Affect the same cell responsible for their production

40
Q

Paracrines?

A

Affect nearby cells

41
Q

Endocrines?

A

Spread by circulatory system to distant target cells

42
Q

Monokines?

A

Released from mononuclear phagocytes

43
Q

Lymphokines?

A

Released from T lymphocytes

44
Q

Interleukins?

A

Released from one leukocyte and act on another leukocyte

45
Q

Colony stimulating factors (CsFs)?

A

Stimulate growth and differentiation of immature leukocyte a in bone marrow

46
Q

What are the most common causes of fever?

A
  • Viral infection
  • bacterial infection
  • bacterial endotoxin
47
Q

These interferons cause cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication?

A

IFN- alpha and IFN- beta

48
Q

This interferon causes neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytize bacteria?

A

IFN- gamma

49
Q

What are the two ways a microbe can be recognized by a phagocyte?

A
  • opsonin-independent (nonopsonic) recognition

- opsonin- dependent (opsonic) pathway

50
Q

Pathogen- associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are unique to microbes, not present in the host. Name two examples.

A
  • Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria

- Peptidoglycan of gram-positive bacteria

51
Q

These recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?

A

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on/ in phagocytic cells

52
Q

These are a class of PRRs that function exclusively as signaling receptors?

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

53
Q

Phagolysosome?

A

Vacuole which results from the fusion of phagosome with lysosome

54
Q

How do streptococcus pyogenes and S. pneumoniae evade phagocytosis?

A

Inhibit adherence: M proteins, capsules

55
Q

How does staphylococcus aureus evade phagocytosis?

A

Kills phagocytes: Leukocidins

56
Q

How does Listeria monocytogenes evade phagocytosis?

A

Lyase phagocytes: membrane attack complex

57
Q

How do Shigella and Rickettsia evade phagocytosis?

A

Escape the phagosome

58
Q

How do HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis evade phagocytosis?

A

Prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion

59
Q

How does Coxiella burnettii evade phagocytosis?

A

Survive in phagolysosome

60
Q

Why is antigen presentation important?

A

It is important because it allows wandering lymphocytes to become activated. Also, because it links nonspecific and specific immune responses

61
Q

What are some of the chemical mediators involved in the a cute inflammatory response?

A
  • selectins
  • integrins
  • chemotaxins
62
Q

List the processes involved in the acute inflammatory response?

A

Neutrophil rolling—> marginal ion—> diapedesis—> extravasion

63
Q

What is the most common cause of fever?

A

Viral or bacterial infection or bacterial endotoxin

64
Q

What are some advantages of fever as a defense mechanism (3)?

A
  • T-cell production increases dues to increase in IL-1
  • increase transferrins
  • speeds up repair process
65
Q

What are some disadvantages to fever as a defensive mechanism?

A
  • tachycardia
  • acidosis due to increased metabolic rate
  • dehydration
  • death above 44C to 46C (112F to 1114F)
66
Q

What is the function of histamine released by a damaged cell?

A

Vasodilation, increases permeability of blood vessels

67
Q

What are the functions of kinins released by damaged cells?

A

Vasodilation, increase permeability of blood vessels

68
Q

What are the effects of prostaglandins released by damaged cells?

A

Intensify histamine and kinin effects

69
Q

What are the effects of leukotrienes released by damaged cells?

A

Increased permeability of blood vessels, phagocytic attachment

A. White- Microbiology (11 decks)

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