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Module 15 > 15.9 > Flashcards

15.9 Flashcards

1
Q

Why are mineral oils bad?

A

Lack stability, thermal degradation and excessive volatility

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2
Q

What bad about mineral oils sucessor, Esther based synthetic oils?

A

Low viscosity so insufficient load carrying capability

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3
Q

How was the problem of Esther based synthetic oils overcome?

A

By adding additives

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4
Q

What are Type 1 oils?

A

Low viscosity so required additives

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5
Q

What are second generation oils?

A

Oils that were based on hindered Esthers (Improvement of thermal stability and load carrying)

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6
Q

What are third generation oils?

A

Oils that have thermal stability?

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7
Q

What are the main tasks of oil on modern jet engine?

A

Cleaning
Corrosion resistance
Cooling
Lubrication

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8
Q

What does the oil do with the carried particles it cleans off of a surface?

A

Passes it through a filter

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9
Q

Two groups of engine oils?

A

Synthetic
Mineral

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10
Q

What are the thee types of synthetic oils?

A

Type 1 - Old aircraft
Type 2 - Modern aircraft
Type 3 - Special aircraft (Higher stability and viscosity at higher temperatures)

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11
Q

Advantages of synthetic oils?

A

Better viscosity, high pressure resistance, and better thermal stability

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12
Q

Disadvantage of synthetic oils?

A

They are expensive

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13
Q

What is viscosity index?

A

Effect temperature has on the viscosity on the oil. (The higher the number the least effected by change)

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14
Q

What is viscosity?

A

a fluids internal resistance against deformation

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15
Q

What does the viscosity of oil depend on?

A

High at low temp
Low at high temp

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16
Q

What is the pour point?

A

The lowest temperature the oil will visibly move

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17
Q

Type 2 oils have a pour point of what degree?

A

-57 degrees

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18
Q

What is a flash point?

A

The lowest temperature in which the oil will give off enough vapour to flash when a flame is applied

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19
Q

What should the flashpoint be in an engine?

A

High

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20
Q

Type 2 oils have what degree of flash point?

A

Above 250 degrees

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21
Q

What is pressure resistance?

A

Capability of an oil film between two components

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22
Q

What is oxidation resistance?

A

The reaction between oil and oxygen

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23
Q

What happens when oil reacts with oxygen?

A

It gets thicker and therefore the velocity increases

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24
Q

When does oil start to react with oxygen?

A

When certain temp increases above a certain level. It increases the durability

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25
Q

What is thermal stability?

A

Oil’s resistance to the break down of oil compounds at high temps

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26
Q

What is volatility?

A

The measure of ease at which a liquid is converted to a vapours state

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27
Q

What is acidity?

A

A measure of corrosive tendencies of a oil

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28
Q

What 6 factors affect the performance of oil?

A

Oil foaming
Rubber swelling
Oxidisation and thermal stability
Corrosiveness
Pressure
Coking

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29
Q

What is oil foaming?

A

The measure of resistance of oil being separated from trapped air

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30
Q

What is rubber swelling?

A

Amount of oil causing a rubber compound to swell

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31
Q

What is oxidisation and thermal stability?

A

The ability of the oil to resist the formation of hard carbon and sludge at high temperatures

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32
Q

What is corrosiveness?
What material does it effect?

A

The effect oil has on materials ESPECIALLY copper

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33
Q

What is pressure?

A

The ability of an oil to carry a load

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34
Q

What is coking?

A

Amount of carbon residue remaining in the oil after being subjected to extreme heating

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35
Q

Where is the Kerosene fuel most commonly used in commercial gas turbine engines?

A

Jet A and Jet A1

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36
Q

What is kerosene refined from?

A

Crude oil

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37
Q

What are the main 4 types of turbine engine fuel?

A

Jet A1, Jet A, Jet B, JP5

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38
Q

What is the most common fuel used in Europe for commercial jets?

A

Jet A1

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39
Q

What is the American name for Jet A1?

A

JP 1A

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40
Q

What is the most commonly used fuel type for jet engines in America?

A

Jet A

41
Q

What is Jet A also referred to in the USA?

A

JP 1

42
Q

What fuel can be an alternative to Jet A1?

A

Jet B

43
Q

What is bad about Jet B?

A

It has a higher flammability with a flashpoint of -20 degrees (Difficult to handle)

44
Q

What is an advantage about Jet B?

A

It Is used in colder weather

45
Q

What is JP 5?

A

Military type jet fuel

46
Q

Why is JP 5 preferred by military on a/c carriers?

A

It has a very high flash point of 65 degrees (safe to handle)
Low freezing point of -48 degrees

47
Q

What must be recorded when refuelling?

A

The type of fuel used

48
Q

What is the American name for JP 5?

A

JP 1A

49
Q

What are the main requirements for turbine engine fuels?

A

Has a low freezing and flash point, low enough to provide good ignition but high for safe handling

50
Q

What appearance must the fuel exhibit?

A

Clear
Bright
Visually free from solid masses

51
Q

What composition must the fuel exhibit?

A

Limited acidity

52
Q

A fuel with high volatility is desired for what?

A

A highly volatile fuel is very desirable for engine starts in cold weather and in flight

53
Q

A fuel with low volatility is desired for what?

A

To eliminate vapour lock and reduce fuel losses via evaporation

54
Q

What is the maximum viscosity of fuel?

A

-20 degrees

55
Q

What 2 materials are susceptible to corrosion?

A

Copper
Silver

56
Q

When must turbine engine fuels have a low tendency to vaporise?

A

In high flight altitudes

57
Q

When does Jet fuel vaporise?

A

If the ambient pressure decreases

58
Q

What is fuel density the ratio between?

A

The ratio between mass and volume

59
Q

What 2 things does the density change with in regards to fuel?

A

Type
Temperature

60
Q

At a temperature of 15 degrees what density does jet A1 and jet A have?

A

0.81kg/ltr

61
Q

What can remove dirt in fuel and oil systems?

A

Filters (water will always be found in fuel)

62
Q

What 2 conditions can fuel carry water in?

A

Dissolved (invisible) or suspended (Small droplets and water bubbles)

63
Q

At what temperature does ice build up due to water?

A

0 degrees

64
Q

What 3 things can water cause in the fuel system?

A

Corrosion
Engine power fluctuations/flameouts
Microbial growth

65
Q

What maintenance can be done to avoid problems of water in fuel?

A

Monitor and remove the water periodically

66
Q

What unit are fuel additives measured in?

A

Parts per million (ppm)

67
Q

What is a fuel anti ice additive also known as?

A

Prist (Glycol anti freeze)

68
Q

What allows microbes to assemble, grow and live on the fuel?

A

The greater presence of water

69
Q

How do you prevent microbial contamination considering water is always present?

A

Have areas where water can settle and microbes to flourish

70
Q

What disadvantages do anti ice additives inhibit?

A

Bacterial growth

71
Q

What must you avoid to prevent water from appearing?

A

Having fuel in a fuel tank for a prolonged period

72
Q

What do anti oxidants prevent?

A

The formation of gum deposits

73
Q

What causes gum deposits?

A

Oxidisation

74
Q

What do static dissipator additives reduce the effects of?

A

Static electricity generated by the movement of fuel

75
Q

What do corrosion inhibitors protect from corrosion?

A

Ferrous metals in fuel handling systems

76
Q

What do metal deactivators suppress?

A

The catalytic effect that some metals have on fuel oxidisation

77
Q

What metal do metal deactivators suppress the catalytic effect it has on fuel oxidisation?

A

Copper

78
Q

What involving your mouth should you never do in regards to fuel?

A

Siphon it

79
Q

What involving your mouth should you never do in regards to oil?

A

Siphon it

80
Q

If engine oil is ingested what must you provide details about?

A

The product and how much of it was ingested

81
Q

What can prolonged or repeated contact with engine oil cause?

A

Irritation and dermatitis (so wash off with warm water)

82
Q

What must you do if you get engine oil in your eye?

A

Clean your eye out with fresh water

83
Q

What can engine oil do to paint when split, so what must you do to protect it?

A

It can discolour blister or remove, so wipe it clean with a petroleum solvent

84
Q

Why should open containers of synthetic oil not be reused?

A

Because they are hydroscopic so will absorb moisture from the atmosphere to render it useful

85
Q

Can you mix oils?

A

No

86
Q

What accumulates with high furl rates?

A

Static electrical charges

87
Q

What restrict fuel flow?

A

Diameter of the hose

88
Q

What is essential do deal with static electrical charges?

A

Bonding and earthing

89
Q

How can you remove small amounts of spillage?

A

With a commercial absorbing agent

90
Q

How do you remove large amounts of spillage?

A

Plenty of water ensuring it does not enter drainage systems

91
Q

How long should you wash your eye out with water after fuel gets in it?

A

10 minuets

92
Q

How much water should you drink if you ingest fuel?

A

250ml

93
Q

How are fuel leaks caused?

A

By malfunctions or damage

94
Q

Where do refusing leaks occur?

A

At the vent tank opening

95
Q

After you stop the leakage flow what must you do?

A

Add a binding agent to the fuel spillage

96
Q

What shall not be operated near or below a vent tank?

A

Car engine

97
Q

When can you not refuel?

A

When the engines are running

98
Q

What tools must you use in a fuel tank?

A

Explosion proof tools, this includes communication systems

99
Q

What clothing must you wear when entering a tank?

A

Cotten to not create electrostatic charging

Module 15 (18 decks)

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