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Module 15 > 15.14 > Flashcards

15.14 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the highest temperature in an engine?

A

Directly behind the combustion chamber at the High pressure turbine (TIT)

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2
Q

Where is EGT measured?

A

Between the high and low pressure turbine/ directly behind the low pressure turbine

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3
Q

What are the temperatures (including the EGT relative too)

A

Gasses entering the first stage turbine inlet vanes

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4
Q

What is used to measure the temperature, and where are they placed?

A

Thermocouples near the turbine exit by the exhaust

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5
Q

What do the EGT’s show?

A

The average temperature from the thermocouples

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6
Q

How are EGT’s sealed?

A

Hermetically

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7
Q

TIT indicating system shows information how?

A

A visual indication on the instrument panel

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8
Q

Because numerous thermocouples are used to find TIT, what must you do?

A

Find an average

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9
Q

Dual thermocouples contain two electrical junctions for what two purposes?

A

One to send signals to the flight deck and the other to provide signals to control and monitoring systems

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10
Q

What happens when the TIT reaches a predetermined limit?

A

An over temperature warning light in the indicator illuminates

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11
Q

What do digital indicators not use?

A

Resistance-type or servo-driven thermocouples

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12
Q

What are the three groups engine indications can be split into?

A

Performance Indications
System indications
Engine trend monitoring

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13
Q

What are performance indications also known as? And what are they for?

A

Primary indicators and they are used to monitor the performance and limits of the engine.

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14
Q

What can you do with performance indications?

A

Set thrust for different flight phases

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15
Q

What are system indications also known as?

A

Secondary indications

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16
Q

What are system indications used for?

A

Monitor the operation (such as fuel and oil) and detect malfunctions quickly

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17
Q

What is engine trend monitoring?

A

It is done on the ground to detect engine problems early.

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18
Q

What does engine trend monitoring use?

A

ACMS (Aircraft condition monitoring system)

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19
Q

Which of the three indications do not show up on the flight deck?

A

Engine trend monitor

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20
Q

Where are engine indications shown in the flight deck?

A

ECAM at the top

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21
Q

Engine performance indicators are used to do what?

A

Monitor and set engine thrust

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22
Q

What are the two values used to measure thrust because you can’t measure it directly?

A

EPR (Engine pressure ratio)
The rotational speed of fan N1

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23
Q

What is another performance indicator ?

A

Engine rotor speed for each rotor system (N1 N2 N3)

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24
Q

What are two examples of engine performance indicators?

A

Exhaust gas temperature and fuel flow indications

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25
Q

Where does the computer send the data to?

A

The indicators or display system. (Use it to control the engine)

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26
Q

What are engine system indications used to monitor?

A

Correct operation

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27
Q

What does the engine vibration indication show?

A

Imbalances that occurs in rotating parts of the engine

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28
Q

What do engine trend monitoring systems prevent?

A

Engine problems during flight/engine reductions

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29
Q

The engine data is analysed by a computer system that does what?

A

Find any parameters that indicate a trend towards a limit
(thermo-dynamic, mechanic
-dynamic, oil consumption)

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30
Q

What does thermodynamic show?

A

Checks the pressure and temperature

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31
Q

What does mechanic dynamic show?

A

Failures in the rotor system

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32
Q

What does the oil consumption analysis generate?

A

An alert when the oil consumption is exceeded

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33
Q

How are EPR indications shown?

A

Analogue or digital

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34
Q

The EPR function has the same command as what?

A

The N1 command

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35
Q

What does an AMBER or RED line show?

A

The EPR for maximum thrust

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36
Q

What does the blue circle show on an EPR display?

A

The actual throttle position

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37
Q

What is Flexible Take Off, ‘FLEX’?

A

Standard take off thrust setting used on Airbus

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38
Q

When is TOGA used?

A

On a contaminated(wet/icy) runway or if performance changes (short runway)

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39
Q

What Is TOGA?

A

Full thrust

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40
Q

What do FLUX take-off settings use?
why?

A

An assumed temperature thrust reduction
To prolong engine life

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41
Q

What term do Boeing use?

A

Assumed temperature derate

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42
Q

Why is the oil supply system monitored?

A

To guard against engine failure from inadequate lubrication and cooling?

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43
Q

What does the oil pressure indicator usually show in regards to the engine oil?

A

The engine oil pump discharge pressure

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44
Q

What are the 2 types of oil pressure transmitters?

A

Borden tube
Strain gauge

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45
Q

What shape is the Borden tube?

A

C-shaped or helical with an oval cross section

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46
Q

When the pressure enters the tube what happens to the cross-section of the Borden tube?

A

It becomes circular extending the helix

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47
Q

What does the extension of the helix cause?

A

Indicator needle to deflect which is proportional to the pressure exerted

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48
Q

What can a Borden tube have to provide an electrical representation of the pressure?

A

A potentiometer

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49
Q

What does a string gauge measure?

A

Mechanical strainer deflation

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50
Q

What principle do strain gauges work off of?

A

When an object undergoes stain the resistance changes proportionally

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51
Q

What does a strain gauge look like?

A

Small and rectangular, made of metallic foil for electrical properties

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52
Q

What is a strain gauge designed in a specific pattern to maximise?

A

Sensitivity to strain

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53
Q

What is the most common arrangement for a strain gauge?

A

Wheatstone bridge configuration

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54
Q

What is a Wheatstone bridge configuration?

A

Grid like pattern with several active arms and a central section when the strain is applied

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55
Q

What do the active arms do?

A

Detect the strain, and change their resistance accordingly

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56
Q

What happens when strain is applied to a strain gauge?

A

The object deforms and its length changes

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57
Q

What causes an alter in the electrical resistance of the strain gauge?

A

The change in active arms length

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58
Q

What happens when no strain is applied to the object?

A

The Wheatstone bridge is balanced, meaning the voltage is 0

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59
Q

When the bridge becomes unbalanced therefore creating a voltage difference, what initially occurred?

A

When strain is applied to the object

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60
Q

What must you do the output voltage of the Wheatstone bridge?

A

You must filter it

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61
Q

What is the low oil pressure switch used for?

A

Initiate a low oil pressure warning

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62
Q

Where is the low pressure switch connected to?

A

The oil supply line and oil tank vent line

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63
Q

What happens to the low oil pressure switch when oil pressure decreases below the limit?

A

It closes, a signal is sent to the flight warning computer and a warning message appears in the flight deck

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64
Q

What is an oil Inlet temperature indicator used to do?

A

Indicate the temperature of the oil as it enters the oil pressure pump

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65
Q

What is the primary component responsible for measuring the oil temperature?

A

The oil temperature sensor which is designed to respond to changes in temperate and convert the information into electrical signals

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66
Q

What is the most common type of oil temperature sensor?

A

The resistance temperature detector (RTD) or thermocouple

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67
Q

What is an RTD made up of?

A

A temperature sensitive resistor

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68
Q

What happens when the oil temperature exceeds operational limits?

A

The pilots get an over temperature warning

69
Q

What happens during an over temperature warning?

A

Can be visual and audible

70
Q

Where is the Low pressure sensor positioned?

A

After the outlet for the low pressure filter

71
Q

Where can low fuel pressure originate from?

A

Cavitation caused by high fuel pump demand

72
Q

What type of sensor is located on the fuel filter?

A

Differential pressure sensor

73
Q

What do differential pressure sensors give warning of?

A

Impending blockage and cavitation

74
Q

How is a warning of low pressure fuel displayed?

A

As a warning lamp or EICAS message

75
Q

What type of pressure gauge do light recoporricating engines use?

A

Bourdan tube

76
Q

What is the pressure gauge connected to?

A

The fuel inlet of the fuel metreing device

77
Q

What do more complicated aircraft have located at the fuel inlet of the fuel metering device?

A

A sensor that sends electrical signals to flight deck

78
Q

What does the gauge indicate when the auxiliary pump is switched off?

A

The pressure created by the engine driven pump

79
Q

What type of engine may use a differential fuel pressure gauge?

A

Complex and large aircraft

80
Q

What happens to the contacts of the switch when the fuel pressure is insufficient?

A

They close which sends a current flow to the annunciator or waning light in the flight deck

81
Q

Where are low pressure warning switches located?

A

At the outlet of each fuel boost pump

82
Q

Where is the annunciator for each switch positioned?

A

Adjacent to the boost pump on/off switch

83
Q

Where is ice likely to form due to low fuel temperature?

A

Filters
Fuel system

84
Q

What type of aircraft use a resistance type electric fuel temperature sender?

A

High performance

85
Q

What can low fuel temperature be corrected with?

A

Fuel heater

86
Q

What does viscosity differences at varying fuel temperatures affect?

A

Fuel flow sensing accuracy

87
Q

How can you correct viscosity differences affecting fuel flow sensing accuracy?

A

Thought the use of computers

88
Q

The fuel flow indicating system provides what 2 different indications?

A

Actual fuel flow to the engines and the fuel used since the engines were started

89
Q

Why does each flow indicator show identical fuel flow?

A

Because the engines have the same power setting

90
Q

What does the fuel flow transmitter measure?

A

The mass flow of the fuel between the fuel control unit and the fuel nozzles

91
Q

What do all fuel flow transmitter types measure?

A

The force applied by the mass of fuel

92
Q

What are the 2 types of flow meters?

A

Synchronous and motorless

93
Q

What is measured in synchronous mass flow?

A

The deflection angle (a turbine is turned against the spring)

94
Q

In synchronous mass flow to get the force, what. just you do to the fuel?

A

You must accelerate it

95
Q

How do you accelerate the fuel?

A

By an impeller that is driven by an electric motor continuously

96
Q

What do motorless mass flow not need?

A

An electric motor with a power supply

97
Q

What do motorless mass flow use to accelerate the fuel?

A

The fuel itsel

98
Q

What does the fuel flow turn in a motorless mass flow?

A

A turbine

99
Q

What does the rotating turbine drive?

A

The drum and impeller coupled by a spring

100
Q

When the impeller magnet is delayed, what else is also delayed?

A

Impeller coils

101
Q

What does the FADEC calculate in motorless mass flow?

A

The time between the 2 pulses, which is proportional to the mass flow

102
Q

What does interrogation of the fuel flow value give?

A

The required fuel used

103
Q

What is N1 for?

A

Low-pressure rotor

104
Q

What is N2 for?

A

High-pressure rotor

105
Q

When is a N3 indication used?

A

When there is 3 rotors

106
Q

What are engine rotor speeds expressed as?

A

A percentage of a 100% design speed

107
Q

What are the 2 types of sensors used to measure rotor speed?

A

Tachometer
Variable reluctance type

108
Q

What is another name for a variable reluctance type sensor?

A

A magnetic reluctance type sensor or magnetic pickup

109
Q

Where is a tachometer generator type usually located?

A

On the gearbox

110
Q

How does a variable reluctance sensor work?

A

Magnetic flux, between a magnet and a ferromagnetic target (magnetic reluctance)

111
Q

Where is the speed probe positioned?

A

On the compressor casing with a phonic wheel or fan blade

112
Q

what changes in the speed probe when the spool rotates?

A

Probe or sensor head is altered

113
Q

What causes magnetic flux to vary when passing through the sensor?

A

Magnetic reluctance

114
Q

What is directly proportional to the rate of change ofd magnetic flux?

A

Induced voltage

115
Q

What must happen to the induced voltage before it can be an output?

A

It must be amplified

116
Q

What does the tachometer rotating magnetic field generate?

A

A three phase AC voltage

116
Q
A
117
Q

What is the permanent magnet in a tachometer driven by?

A

The gearbox

118
Q

Because the permanent magnet in the Tachometer is driven by the engine gearbox, what is the speed directly proportional to?

A

N2

119
Q

What does the Tachometer send the 3 phase AC voltage to?

A

FADEC which is used to dictate super

120
Q

What does the Tachometer send the 3 phase AC voltage to?

A

FADEC which is used to dictate super

121
Q

Why is the Tachometer also called the dedicated generator or control alternator?

A

Because it also supplies electrical power to the generator

122
Q

The speed probe or Tachometer can also send a warning to the flight deck that tells the pilot what two things?

A

That the engine is turning
And what direction it is turning in

123
Q

The speed probe or Tachometer can also send a warning to the flight deck that tells the pilot what two things?

A

That the engine is turning
And what direction it is turning in

124
Q

When is it important for the pilot to know the engine is spinning and its direction?

A

During start up as it is used to tell the Pilot when to open the HP fuel cock

125
Q

What value do all three indications show?

A

N1

126
Q

What does the red line on the speed indicator show?

A

Over speed

127
Q

What occurs if the rotor speed N1 goes over the over speed red line?

A

It is recorded via the engine trend monitoring

128
Q

What occurs if the rotor speed N1 goes over the over speed red line?

A

It is recorded via the engine trend monitoring

129
Q

What does vibration show?

A

An imbalance in the rotor

130
Q

What do the vibration units vary to?

A

0-6

131
Q

What is another name for the computer that collects and filters engine vibration data?

A

The EVMU (Engine vibration monitoring unit)

132
Q

The vibration sensors are accelerometers that measure what type of acceleration?

A

Radial

133
Q

Where are the two accelerometers sensors placed in the engine?

A

One on the N1 compressor
The second in the turbine area

134
Q

What are the two types of accelerometers used in an engine to measure vibration?

A

Piezoelectric-crystal type
Electromagnetic

135
Q

What is the electromagnetic sensor?

A

Permanent magnetic held in place by two springs. When vibration occurs, the coil moves up and down

136
Q

What is the electromagnetic sensor?

A

Permanent magnetic held in place by two springs. When vibration occurs, the coil moves up and down

137
Q

How does a piezoelectric crystal work?

A

You apply a force to the crystal which pushes it against the base plate

138
Q

What is the vibration indication controlled by?

A

Engine vibration monitoring unit

139
Q

What is shown on the rotor identifier if the N1 or N2 rotor speed fails?

A

Broadband vibration

140
Q

What does the vibration have to be more than for it to automatically show up on the secondary display?

A

4

141
Q

What does the vibration have to be more than for it to automatically show up on the secondary display?

A

4

142
Q

When the engine is shutdown, what will the vibration and performance page show?

A

0.00

143
Q

What performs a balance calculation that corrects the engine high vibration?

A

The engine balancing system

144
Q

What performs a balance calculation that corrects the engine high vibration?

A

The engine balancing system

145
Q

What does the solution of the engine balancing system identify?

A

The balance weights that are required to be removed and replaced on the LPT blades

146
Q

What does the solution of the engine balancing system identify?

A

The balance weights that are required to be removed and replaced on the LPT blades or engine spinner

147
Q

Are torque meters electric or hydraulic?

A

Both

148
Q

What do torquemeters measure?

A

Torque being delivered to the propellor or rotor

149
Q

How many concentric shafts do torque meters comprise of?

A

2

150
Q

How many concentric shafts do torque meters comprise of?

A

2

151
Q

What does the inner shaft connect?

A

The drive from the engine to the gear box

152
Q

What does the outer shaft connect?

A

The engine output only

153
Q

What is on both shafts? And what does this induce?

A

Toothed gears and permanent magnets
EMF forces

154
Q

When happens to the output shaft when the torque is applied and increase?

A

Twists

155
Q

What operates the torque meters?

A

Engine oil pressure metered through a valve

156
Q

What is the most importantly thing a torque meter does?

A

Set power settings

157
Q

What is the most importantly thing a torque meter does?

A

Set power settings

158
Q

What is the Power assurance test?

A

To check the engine can go from idle to a given engine power ratio within a specific time and back to idle in a specific time

159
Q

What must you ensure when doing a power assurance check?

A

Engine must be positioned in run up enclosure/position
Facing into the wind
Chocks plages

160
Q

What must you ensure when doing a power assurance check?

A

Engine must be positioned in run up enclosure/position
Facing into the wind
Chocks plages

161
Q

During a power assurance check, how long must you hold the engines at idle for?

A

5 minutes

162
Q

During a power assurance check, how long must you hold the engines at idle for?

A

5 minutes

163
Q

What must you identify before running a power assurance check?

A

EPR for that day

164
Q

What must be switched off to ensure the engines can accelerate correctly?

A

Anti ice and engine bleed valve

165
Q

What must be switched off to ensure the engines can accelerate correctly?

A

Anti ice and engine bleed valve

166
Q

How long must it take you to reach EPR, hold it there for and then decrease back to idle?

A

30 seconds

167
Q

After engine operation above 70% N1 how long must you operate the engine at idle for?

A

10 minutes to decrease the engine temp safely shut down the engine

168
Q

What are the units used to measure fuel?

A

Kg or tonnes

Module 15 (18 decks)

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