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Module 15 > 15.1 > Flashcards

15.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of energy?

A

Something that gives us the capacity to perform work

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2
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy in motion

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3
Q

What is the formula for kinetic energy?

A

1/2 x M x V^2

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4
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Stored energy or energy at rest

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5
Q

What is the formula for potential energy?

A

M x G x H

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6
Q

What is kinetic energy measured in?

A

Joules

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7
Q

What is the unit for potential energy?

A

Joules

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8
Q

What is Newtons first Law?

A

The law of Inertia

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9
Q

What is Newtons second Law?

A

It covers the interplay between force and motion which allows us to analyse the motion of an object

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10
Q

What is Newtons Second Law expressed using what formula?

A

Force = Mass X Acceleration

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11
Q

What is Newton’s third law?

A

Action and reaction

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12
Q

What is the name given to the thermodynamic cycle of a gas turbine engine that produces thrust?

A

The Brayton Cycle

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13
Q

What are the 4 stages of the Brayton cycle?

A

Suck, squeeze, bang, blow

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14
Q

Using its volume and pressure to describe it, what is the Brayton Cycles features?

A

Constant pressure cycle and variable volume

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15
Q

What is the Brayton cycle also known as?

A

Continuous combustion cycle

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16
Q

In the intake of a GTE, at what pressure and what volume does air enter?

A

Ambient pressure at a constant volume

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17
Q

How does air leave the intake in terms of pressure and volume?

A

At increased pressure and a decrease in volume

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18
Q

After going through the compressor, what happens to the air?

A

Pressure increases and volume decreases.

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19
Q

Where does expansion take place?

A

In the combustion chamber where it heats the air which expands it.

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20
Q

What happens to pressure velocity and volume in the combustion chamber?

A

Pressure remains relatively constant if not decreases but velocity increases. Volume increases

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21
Q

What does the turbine do?

A

Converts velocity energy into mechanical energy to drive the shaft connected to the compressor turbines.

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22
Q

What type of duct is on the rear of the engine?

A

Convergent duct

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23
Q

What does the convergent duct increase?

A

Velocity

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24
Q

What are the 4 ideal changes of state and which of these are used on a gas turbine engine?

A

Isobaric (Used)
Isochoric
Isothermal
Isentropic (Used)

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25
Q

The changes of state are put on a graph that represents what two features?

A

Pressure and Volume

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26
Q

What was point 0 represent?

A

Atmospheric conditions

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27
Q

Along the lines 0-2, what takes place and what does this cause?

A

Isentropic compression of the air meaning the pressure increases and volume decreases

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28
Q

What happens in stages 0-1?

A

Ram or dynamic compression in the air intake

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29
Q

What happens In stages 1-2?

A

Compression in the compressor

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30
Q

What stage is also known as isobaric heating?

A

2 to 3

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31
Q

What is isobaric heating?

A

When heat is added to the air in the combustion chamber by using fuel to burn it

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32
Q

What does the line from 3-5 represent?

A

Isentropic expansion which results from combustion expanded through the turbine to drive the compressor

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33
Q

What are stages 4-5?

A

The remaining energy

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34
Q

What is the formula for force?

A

Force = Mass x Acceleration

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35
Q

What is force?

A

The intensity of an input

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36
Q

What is force measured in?

A

Lbs (English system) and N (Metric)

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37
Q

What is work?

A

A measure of energy transferred during a force over a distance.

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38
Q

What is work measured measured in?

A

Joules

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39
Q

What is the formula for work?

A

Work = Force x Distance

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40
Q

What needs to happen in order for work to be done?

A

The object victimised under work needs to be moved against a restrictive force

41
Q

What is the formula for power?

A

Power = Work / Time

42
Q

What is the SI unit for power?

A

Watts

43
Q

What is motion?

A

The continuing change of position or place when a body undergoes displacement

44
Q

When is motion uniform?

A

When an object remains the same for a given period of time

45
Q

What will happen if a moving object is in uniform?

A

It remains at constant speed

46
Q

What is speed?

A

How fast an object is moving or how far it’ll travel in a specific amount of time

47
Q

What is velocity?

A

The quantity that describes both speed and direction

48
Q

What is acceleration?

A

The rate of change in velocity

49
Q

What is the formula for acceleration?

A

Change in velocity (m/s) / time (s)

50
Q

What are the three main functions of an aircraft’s engine?

A

Hydraulic power, Bleed air and electrical power

51
Q

What are the 2 different types of aircraft engines?

A

Piston and Gas

52
Q

2 advantages of piston type engines that turn a propellor?

A

Fuel efficient and simple designs

53
Q

What are the disadvantages of piston engines?

A
  • Performance decreases at high temperatures as the air is thinner.
  • The ratio of weight and power decreases regarding size.
  • Only used on small aircraft
54
Q

Where are piston engines often used?

A

Small aircraft

55
Q

Where are piston engines often used?

A

Small aircraft

56
Q

What are gas turbines engines good for?

A

At high altitudes

57
Q

What was the first type of a gas turbine engines?

A

Turbojet

58
Q

Advantages of turbojet engines?

A
  • Relatively simple designs
  • Capable of high speeds
  • Take up little space
59
Q

Disadvantages of turbojet engines?

A
  • High fuel consumption
  • Loud
  • Poor performance at slow speeds
  • Limited in range and endurance (0.8 Mach)
60
Q

What are the advantages of a turbofan engine? (improvement from turbojet)

A
  • Makes high aircraft speed possible with good engine efficiency
  • Quiter
    -Better fuel consumption
61
Q

What principle do turbofan engines work off of to produce thrust?

A

They turn a large fan or set of fans to produce 80% of thrust

62
Q

What does a spool consist of?

A

A turbine driving a compressor through a shaft

63
Q

Advantages of turbofan engines?

A
  • Fuel efficiency
  • Quieter than turbojets
  • Streamlined
64
Q

Disadvantages of turbofan engine?

A
  • Heavier than turbojets
  • Larger frontal area
  • Inefficient at high altitudes
65
Q

What are turboprop engines specifically used for?

A

To produce shaft horsepower only which is used to drive a prop

66
Q

What is the primary difference between the turboprop and the turbojet?

A

It has additional turbines, power shafts and a reduction gearbox to drive the propellor

67
Q

Advantages of a turboprop engine?

A
  • Fuel efficient
  • Most efficient at mid range speeds and altitudes
68
Q

What are the disadvantages of turboprop?

A
  • Heavy so can break down
  • Limited forward airspeed
69
Q

What are the disadvantages of turboprop

A
70
Q

What are the disadvantages of turboprop engines?

A
  • Limited forward airspeed
  • Heavy so can break down
71
Q

What is the purpose of the turboshaft engine?

A

Produces shaft power to drive machinery not thrust

72
Q

What engine is used for the APU and helicopters to provide pneumatics and electric power?

A

Turbo shaft

73
Q

Why are turboshafts used for helicopters and APU?

A

A small, but powerful lightweight engine

74
Q

What are the 2 advantages of turbo shaft engines?

A

Smaller and much higher power to weight ratio

75
Q

What are the two ways of describing the various sections of a turbine engine?

A

Cold and hot sections

76
Q

What is an advantage of modular designs in engines?

A

They are classed as minor repairs so work can be done via a maintenance organisation.

77
Q

Where is the highest temp of the combustion chamber?

A

Rear if combustion chamber or the 1st stage nozzle guide vane

78
Q

Where is the highest static temperature located?

A

Inlet of combustion chamber but outlet of the compressor

79
Q

What are the stationary vanes (Stators) used for?

A

To straighten air prior to the compressor to guide to the rotor blade

80
Q

Where has the highest static pressure?

A

The inlet of the combustion chamber

81
Q

What are the resultant features of a convergent duct?

A

Decreases temp, increases dynamic pressure, reduces pressure

82
Q

Why would you use convergent duct?

A

To increase thrust

83
Q

How does air move in a turbofan engine?

A

Large amounts of air slowly

84
Q

How does air move in a turbojet engine?

A

Small amounts of air quickly (makes it noisy and less fuel efficient)

85
Q

What does the twin spool arrangement consist of?

A

High pressure turbine driving the high pressure compressor and a low pressure turbine driving the low pressure compressor and a fan

86
Q

What does a three spool arrangement consist of?

A

A high pressure turbine driving the high pressure compressor, an intermediate pressure turbine driving the intermediate compressor and a low pressure turbine driving the low pressure compressor and fan

87
Q

How are spools connected?

A

Aerodynamically

88
Q

Do spools run independently?

A

Yes

89
Q

How do you slow the fans down and why?

A

You give it its own turbine so it doesn’t affect the compressor speed. (You can put a reduction gearbox to do this) so the propellers don’t flutter and break

90
Q

What regarding spools in the engine are primary indications in the cockpit?

A

N1 n2 and n3 which is the rotational frequency.

91
Q

What is the gas generator in turboprop engines?

A

The core. Compressor, turbine and combustion chamber

92
Q

How do you drive a propellor in a turboprop?

A

You add extra turbines

93
Q

2 functions of APU?

A

Pneumatic air and electricity

94
Q

How many spools means they run at the same speed?

A

2

95
Q

What pressure spool is the gearbox connected to?

A

High pressure spool

96
Q

What is the stator motor connected to that turn the gears in the gearbox to turn the shaft that spins the compressor? (Spins HP first)

A

The gearbox

97
Q

What does the gas generator consist of?

A

A compressor combustion and turbine

98
Q

What are the 4 advantages of a modular engine for the manufacturer?

A

Rotating module parts can be pre-balanced
Fewer spare engines are needed in stock
More flexibility when changes are made to individual engine parts
Main engine modules can be easily stored and transported

99
Q

What are the 5 advantages of a modular engine for the operator?

A

Modules can be replaced with minimum disturbance to other nearby engine parts
No re-balancing is required after a module change
Most modules can be replaced while the engine remains on the aircraft
Less need for spare parts and modules can be easily transported
Work can be done by a maintenance organisation instead by an engine overhaul organisation, as a module replacement is considered a minor repair not a shop repair

Module 15 (18 decks)

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