15.7- Urine and Diagnosis

Question 1

What is present in the urine of a person with diabetes? (1 mark)

Answer 1

Glucose

Question 2

What is present in the urine of a person with muscle damage? (1 mark)

Answer 2

Creatine

Question 3

What hormones is in the urine of pregnant women? (1 mark)

Answer 3

hCG
(must be in this format)

Question 4

__________ antibodies are used in pregnancy tests. (1 mark)

Answer 4

Monoclonal

Question 5

How ae monoclonal antibodies for hCG produced? (4 marks)

Answer 5

Inject a mouse with hCG, makes antibody.
Remove beta-cells that make the antibody.
These are fused with myeloma, the new fused cells are called hybridomas.
The hybridomas reproduce rapidly and produce monoclonal antibodies.

Question 6

What is a myeloma? (1 mark)

Answer 6

A fast reproducing cancer cell.

Question 7

What is a hybridoma (1 mark)

Answer 7

A beta cell fused with a myeloma cell.

Question 8

Describe the main stages of a pregnancy test. (3 marks)

Answer 8

Wee on a stick in the morning (as this is when the highest levels of hCG are).
The test contains monoclonal antibodies that have small coloured beads attached.
They bind to the hCG, forming a hCG-antibody complex.
Line appears.

Question 9

What do anabolic steroids mimic? (1 mark)

Answer 9

The action of testosterone.

Question 10

How are anabolic steroids tested for in the urine? (1 mark)

Answer 10

Gas chromatography

Question 11

Describe how gas chromatography works. (3 marks)

Answer 11

The urine sample is vaporised.
It passes along a tube, and the lining of the tube absorbs the gases.
The gases are then analysed to give a chromatogram.

Question 12

Describe how a person’s urine is tested for drugs. (3 marks)

Answer 12

The urine sample is divided into two.
The first part is tested with an immunoassay (which contains monoclonal antibodies).
If the first test is positive, then a second test is conducted; the second part of the sample is run through a gas chromatograph.
This confirms the presence of the drug.