14.1 Hormonal Communication Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

A group of cells which are specialised to secrete chemicals directly into the bloodstream.

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2
Q

What is the role of the pituitary gland?

A

Produces:
Growth hormone
Anti-diuretic (AD) hormone (reabsorption of water into kidneys
Gonadotrophins (development of ovaries and testes)

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3
Q

What is the role of the thyroid gland?

A

Produces thyroxine

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4
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A

Controls:
Rate of metabolism
Rate that glucose is used up in respiration
Promotes growth

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5
Q

What is the role of the adrenal gland?

A

Produces adrenaline

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6
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

Increase:
Heart rate
Breathing rate
Blood sugar

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7
Q

What is the role of the testis?

A

Produces testosterone

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8
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

Controls sperm production and secondary characteristics

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9
Q

What is the role of the pineal gland?

A

Produces melatonin

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10
Q

What does melatonin do?

A

Helps control:
Reproductive development
Daily cycles

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11
Q

What is the role of the thymus?

A

Produces thymosin

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12
Q

What does thymosin do?

A

Promotes production and maturation of white blood cells

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13
Q

What is the role of the pancreas?

A

Produce insulin and glucagon

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14
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Convert excess glucose into glycogen (in the liver).

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15
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Convert glycogen into glucose (in the liver).

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16
Q

What do the ovaries do?

A

Produces oestrogen and progesterone

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17
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Control ovulation and secondary sexual characteristics

18
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Controls ovulation and secondary sexual characteristics
Prepares the uterus lining for receiving an embryo

19
Q

How does the endocrine system secrete hormones?

A

Secrets hormones directly into the bloodstream

20
Q

How does the exocrine system secrete chemicals?

A

Through ducts into organs/ the surface of the body

21
Q

Name 6 places hormones derive from.

A

Hormones can be steroids, proteins, glycoproteins, polypeptides, amines or tyrosine derivatives.

22
Q

How do hormones get to the target cells to produce a response?

A

Secreted into the blood
Into the blood plasma
Diffuses out of the blood
Bonds to specific receptors found on membranes/cytoplasm
The target cells produce a response

23
Q

Steroid hormones are lipid soluble, what does this mean they can do?

A

Pass through lipid component of cell membrane and bind to steroid hormone receptors

24
Q

Where are the steroid hormone receptors in the cell?

A

In the nucleus and cytoplasm

25
Q

What do hormone-receptor complexes do?

A

Hormone-receptor complexes that can either facilitate or inhibit transcription of a specific gene

26
Q

Are non steroid hormones hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophilic

27
Q

Non steroid hormones can not pass through the cell membrane, so how do they affect the cells?

A

Bind to receptors in cell surface membrane if target cell,
This triggers a cascade reaction mediated by chemicals aka secondary messengers like adrenaline.

28
Q

Describe 4 differences between the hormonal and neuronal systems.

A

H- uses hormones
N- uses nerve impulses

H- hormones are directly released into the bloodstream
N- transmissions via neurones

H- hormones are not broken down as quickly so they are long lasting and wide spread
N- neurotransmitters are transmitted and broken down quickly, so they are specific and short lived

H- hormones can be permanent and irreversible
N- they are temporary and reversible

29
Q

What are the two parts of the adrenal gland?

A

Adrenal cortex
Medulla

30
Q

What does the adrenal cortex do?

A

Produces essential hormones, e.g. aldosterone and cortisol

31
Q

What does the adrenal medulla do?

A

Produce non-essential hormones

32
Q

How is the adrenal cortex controlled?

A

By hormones from the pituitary gland.

33
Q

What are the three types of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex?

A

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Androgens

34
Q

Give an example of a glucocorticoid.

A

Cortisol

35
Q

What does cortisol do?

A

Helps regulate:
Metabolism (by controlling how the body converts fats proteins and carbohydrates into energy)
Regulate blood pressure

36
Q

What is the hormone that works with cortisol?

A

Corticosterone

37
Q

What does corticosterone do?

A

Works with cortisol to regulate immune response and suppress inflammatory reactions.

38
Q

What is an example of a mineralocorticoid?

A

Aldosterone

39
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Helps control blood pressure by maintaining balance between salt and water concentration in body fluids.

40
Q

What do androgens do?

A

Cause a small amount of sex hormones to be released.

41
Q

What hormones are released from the adrenal medulla when the body is stressed, and what do they do?

A

Adrenaline:
Increase heart rate
Increase blood glucose concentration levels by conveying glycogen to glucose (in the liver)

Noradrenaline:
Works with adrenaline to increase heart rate
Widens pupils
Widens air passages in lungs
Narrows blood vessels in non-essential organs

42
Q

What is the ductless gland?

A

Another name does the endocrine gland