154 Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
Why We Communicate (4 needs)
A
Physical Needs Identity Needs Social Needs Practical Needs (aka. Instrumental Goals - getting others to behave in ways we want)
2
Q
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (5 stages)
A
(top-bottom in the pyramid)
- Self Actualization = self fulfilment
- Esteem = respect of others
- Love = affection- giving and receiving
- Safety = a harness
- Physiological = hunger
3
Q
The Process of Communication
(A Linear View)
Linear Communication Model (6 factors)
A
- Sender = encodes ideas and feelings
- Message = organized ideas and feelings
- Channel = means of conveying messages
- Receiver = decodes the message
- Noise = any forces that interfere with effective communication
- Environments = fields of experience that help to understand others’ behaviour
4
Q
3 types of “noise”
A
- External or Physical Noise = actually makes it difficult to hear (background noise)
- Physiological Noise = biological factors within the receiver that actually make it difficult to hear (hearing loss)
- Psychological Noise = forces within the communicator that interfere with the ability to express or understand a message effectively (mental noise)
5
Q
The Process of Communication
(A Transactional View)
Transactional Communication Model (2 factors)
A
-Feedback = response of a receiver
to a sender’s message
-Behaviour = replaces the term of encoding, describes both deliberate and unintentional actions that can be observed and interpreted
6
Q
Communication Principles
A
-Communication is transactional
-Communication can be intentional or
unintentional
-It’s impossible not to communicate
-Communication is irreversible
-Communication is unrepeatable
7
Q
Communication Misconceptions
A
-Meanings are not in words
-More communication is not always better
-Communication will not solve all
problems
-Effective communication is not a natural ability
-No single person or event causes another’s reaction
8
Q
The Nature of Interpersonal
Communication: Two Views of Interpersonal Communication
A
- Quantitative Definition - based on the
interaction between two people - Qualitative Definition - occurs when people treat one another as unique individuals
9
Q
The Nature of Interpersonal
Communication: 2 Views of Interpersonal Communication
A
- Quantitative Definition - based on the
interaction between two people - Qualitative Definition - occurs when people treat one another as unique individuals
10
Q
Martin Buber’s “I” and “You”
A
= “I-It” –stable, predictable, detached, we deal with people because they can do things for us eg. pump gas
= “I-You”-utterly unique relationships, because no two communicators are alike
*without “I-It” we cannot exist, but if we live with only “I-It” we are not fully human
11
Q
Several features distinguish qualitatively interpersonal communication from less personal communication
A
- Uniqueness
- Irreplaceability
- Interdependence
- Amount of disclosure
- Intrinsic rewards
12
Q
5 features distinguish qualitatively interpersonal communication from less personal communication
A
- Uniqueness
- Irreplaceability
- Interdependence
- Amount of disclosure
- Intrinsic rewards
13
Q
Content of messages
A
contains the subject being discussed
14
Q
Relational messages
A
how the parties feel toward one another
15
Q
Metacommunication
A
describes messages people exchange about their relationship
16
Q
Types of Relational Messages
A
- Affinity - the degree to which people like or appreciate one another
- Respect - to be held in esteem by others
- Control - the degree to which the parties have the power to influence one another
17
Q
3 types of Relational Messages
A
- Affinity - the degree to which people like or appreciate one another
- Respect - to be held in esteem by others
- Control - the degree to which the parties have the power to influence one another
18
Q
2 types of Control
A
- Decision
- Conversational
19
Q
Distribution of Control (3 ways)
A
- Complementary = when distribution of power is unequal
- Symmetrical = partners seek same degree of control
- Parallel = power shifts from one to another, according to situation
20
Q
Interpersonal Communication and Cultural Diversity: Culture=
A
“The language, values, beliefs, traditions, and customs people share and learn”
21
Q
Interpersonal Communication and Cultural Diversity: In-groups =
A
Groups with which we identify
22
Q
Interpersonal Communication and Cultural Diversity: Out-groups =
A
Those we view as different
23
Q
Intercultural Communication
A
The process by which members of two or more cultures exchange messages in a manner that is influenced by their different cultural perceptions and symbol systems
24
Q
Co-culture
A
A subgroup part of an encompassing culture
25
Communication Competence
```
= achieving one’s goals in a manner that, ideally, maintains or enhances the relationship in which it occurs
=There is no “ideal” way to communicate:
Competence is situational
Competence is relational.
Competence can be learned.
```
26
Generalized Characteristics of Competent Communicators
-A wide range of behaviours
-Ability to choose the most appropriate
behaviour
-Skill at performing behaviours (4 stages)
1. Beginning Awareness
2. Awkwardness
3. Consciously skilled
4. Integration
27
Skill at performing behaviours of competent communicators (4 stages)
1. Beginning Awareness
2. Awkwardness
3. Consciously skilled
4. Integration
28
3 specific Characteristics of Competent Communicators, and their defninitions
-Cognitive Complexity = ability to construct
a variety of different frameworks for viewing an issue
-Self-Monitoring = paying attention to one’s behaviour and using these observations to shape the way one behaves
-Commitment = people who seem to care about relationships communicate better than those who don’t.
29
Cognitive Complexity
ability to construct a variety of different frameworks for viewing an issue
30
Self-Monitoring
paying attention to one’s behaviour and using these observations to shape the way one behaves
31
Commitment
people who seem to care about relationships communicate better than those who don’t
32
Psychological Noise
forces within the communicator that interfere with the ability to express or understand a message effectively (mental noise)
33
Physiological Noise
biological factors within the receiver that actually make it difficult to hear (hearing loss)
34
External or Physical Noise
actually makes it difficult to hear (background noise)
35
Self-Concept
= the relatively stable set of perceptions you hold of yourself. Knowledge of yourself. Your own private view of yourself
36
Self Esteem
evaluations of self-worth, the extent to
| which one values, appreciates or approves of him or herself.
37
Self-control
Your ability to change some part of you to meet a personal goal or social expectation
38
How the Self-Concept Develops
- Reflected appraisal
| - Social Comparison
39
Reflected appraisal
(The looking-glass self)- each of us develops a self-concept that matches the way we believe others see us
-Significant others = people whose
opinions we especially value
40
Social Comparison
- We evaluate ourselves in terms of how we compare to others
- Reference groups = groups against which we compare ourselves, thereby influencing our self-esteem and self-concept
41
The self-concept is subjective for some of the following reasons:
- obsolete information
- distorted feedback
- self verification
- perfection
- social expectations
42
The self-concept resists change:
| Cognitive conservatism =
Tendency to look for information that conforms to an existing self-concept
43
Self-fulfilling prophecy
occurs when a person’s expectations of an event make the outcome more likely to occur than would otherwise have been true
44
Types of self-fulfilling prophecies
Self-imposed prophecies
| Other-imposed prophecies
45
Influences on Identity
Diversity
Culture
Sex/Gender
46
The Self in Individualistic Cultures
- Self is separate, individuals should be independent
- Individual should take care of him/herself and immediate family
- Friends are based on shared interests and activities
- Reward for individual achievement and initiative
- High value on autonomy, individual security
47
The Self in Collectivistic Cultures
- People belong to extended families or a group
- Person should take care of extended family before self
- Emphasis on belonging to a very few permanent in-groups
- Reward for contribution to group goals
- High value on duty, order, tradition, age, group security, status, and hierarchy
48
Changing Your Self-Concept
Have realistic expectations
Have a realistic perception of yourself
Have the will to change
Have the skill to change
49
Identity Management
the communication strategies people use to influence how others view them.
50
Perceived self
reflection of the self-concept, the person you believe yourself to be
51
Presenting self
public image, the way we want others to view us
52
Characteristics of Identity Management
- We strive to construct multiple identities.
- Identity management is collaborative.
- Identity management can be deliberate or unconscious.
- Identity management varies by situation.
- People differ in their degree of identity management.
53
Why Manage Identities?
-Social rules govern our behaviour
-Accomplish personal goals
-Sometimes identity management aims at achieving relational goals such as
affiliation, control, or respect
54
How Do We Manage Identities?
- Face to Face Impression Management
| - Mediated Communication
55
Mediated Communication
- Appearance: paper, words, images, sounds
| - Editing: including or excluding information
56
Face to Face Impression Management
- Manner = consists of a communicator’s words and nonverbal actions
- Appearance = personal items people use to shape an image
- Setting = physical items we use to influence how others view us
57
Identity Management and Honesty
Although identity management might seem manipulative, it can be an authentic form of communication. Because each person has a variety of faces that he or she can reveal, choosing which one to present need not be dishonest.
58
Perception
the process whereby we assign meaning to the world around us
59
Perception: What You See Is What You Get
-The Perception Process
-Influences on Perception
-Perception Checking to Prevent Misunderstandings
-The Accuracy - and Inaccuracy - of
Perception
-Empathy and Communication
60
The Perception Process
- Selection = first stage in perception process in which some data are chosen to attend to and others are ignored.
- Organization = stage in the perception process that involves arranging data in a meaningful way.
- Interpretation = process of attaching meaning to make sense of data
61
Organization in The Perception Process
```
stage in the perception process
that involves arranging data in a meaningful way
-Perceptual schema
-Stereotyping
-Punctuation
```
62
Selection in The Perception Process
first stage in perception process in
| which some data are chosen to attend to and others are ignored.
63
The Perception Process: Organization- Perceptual schema =
cognitive frameworks that allow us to organize the raw data we have selected according to:
- Appearance
- Social roles
- Interaction style
- Psychological traits
- Membership
64
The Perception Process: Organization- Stereotyping =
exaggerated generalizations associated with a categorizing system
65
The Perception Process: Organization- Punctuation =
describes the determination of
| causes and effects in a series of interactions
66
Interpretation in The Perception Process
= process of attaching meaning to
make sense of data.
Factors of Interpretation:
- Degree of involvement
- Past Experience
- Assumptions about human behaviour
- Expectations
- Knowledge
- Self-concept
- Relational Satisfaction
67
7 Factors of Interpretation:
- Degree of involvement
- Past Experience
- Assumptions about human behaviour
- Expectations
- Knowledge
- Self-concept
- Relational Satisfaction
68
Physiological Influences On Perception
- The Senses
- Age
- Health
- Hunger
- Fatigue
- Biological Cycles
69
Cultural Differences Influences On Perception
- Every culture has its own worldview, its own way of looking at the world.
- Nonverbal behaviours also differ from one part of the world to another.
- Even beliefs about the very value of talk differ from one culture to another.
70
Social Roles Influences On Perception
Gender Roles
| Occupational roles
71
Influences On Perception
- Physiological Influences
- Cultural Differences
- Social Roles
- Self-Concept
- Shared Narratives
72
Shared Narrative
perception of the world shared by a collection of people
73
Self-serving bias
tendency to judge ourselves in the most generous terms possible
74
The Accuracy - and Inaccuracy -
| Of Perception
- We often judge ourselves more charitably than others
- We tend to favor negative impressions of others over positive ones
- We tend to be more influenced by less desirable characteristics
- We cling to first impressions
- Labels are a way of making interpretations
- We select stimuli from our environment that are noticeable
- We are influenced by what is most obvious
75
3 Elements of Perception Checking
- A description of the behaviour you noticed
- At least two possible interpretations of behaviour
- A request for clarification about how to interpret the behaviour
76
Perception Checking
a tool for helping you understand others accurately instead of assuming that your first interpretation is correct.
77
Perception Checking example
- Description of behaviour = (be as objective as possible!) eg. “When you came home, you threw your coat on the ground and stomped upstairs”.
- At least two possible interpretations = ”Are you angry with me or did you just have a bad day?”
- A request for clarification = ”What’s up?”
78
Perception-Checking Considerations
- Completeness
- Nonverbal Congruency
- Cultural Rules
79
Empathy
ability to re-create another person’s
perspective; experience the world from the other’s point of view
Three Dimensions of Empathy:
- Perspective taking
- Emotional dimension
- Genuine concern
80
Three Dimensions of Empathy
- Perspective taking
- Emotional dimension
- Genuine concern
81
Sympathy
compassion for another’s situation
82
Pillow Method
method for understanding an issue from several perspectives rather than with an egocentric attitude.
-There is Truth in All Four Perspectives
83
Using the Pillow Method to Build Empathy
- Position 1: I’m Right, You’re Wrong
- Position 2: You’re Right, I’m Wrong
- Position 3: Both Right, Both Wrong
- Position 4: The Issue Isn’t as Important as it Seems
- Conclusion: There is Truth in All Four Perspectives
84
Perception in the Workplace
- Perception checking
- First impressions
- Empathy
85
Emotion topics
- What are Emotions
- Types of Emotions
- Influences on Emotional Expression
- Guidelines for Expressing Emotions
- Managing Difficult Emotions
86
Physiological Changes to Emotions
-When a person has strong emotions, many bodily changes occur.
-Proprioceptive stimuli: they are activated by the movement of internal tissues, causing:
+Increased heartbeat
+Rise in blood pressure
+Dilation of the pupils
87
Non-verbal changes to Emotions
= observable changes:
- blushing
- sweating
- distinctive facial expression
- posture
88
Verbal Expression of Emotions
Labeling our emotions can be very difficult:
| e.g. Is someone trembling because of fear or because of excitement?
89
Cogitative interpretation of Emotions
The mind plays an important role in determining how we feel
90
Sociologist Randall Collins has stated that
a single, specific and long-term emotion named emotional energy is the main motivating force in social life, for love and hatred, investing, working or consuming, rendering cult or waging war.
-Individually, emotional energy ranges from the highest heights of enthusiasm, self-confidence and initiative to the deepest depths of apathy, depression and retreat.
91
Primary Emotions
basic emotions (inside the perimeter of the wheel)
92
Mixed Emotions
a combination of primary emotions (outside the wheel)
93
Intense and Mild Emotions
the importance not only of choosing the right emotional family when expressing yourself, but also of describing the strength of the feeling.
94
Robert Plutchik's 8 Primary Emotions
- fear
- sadness
- joy
- anger
- disgust
- surprise
- anticipation
- acceptance/trust
95
Cultural Influences on Emotional Expression
People from all over have the same emotions. No matter where they’re from, people feel happy, sad, surprised, angry, and disgusted. However, the same events do not always bring out the same emotions.
96
Individualistic cultures Influences on
| Emotional Expression
people feel comfortable revealing their feelings to others who are close to them (e.g. Canada & United States)
97
Collectivistic cultures Influences on
| Emotional Expression
discourage expression of any negative emotions that might upset relationships among people who belong to the in-group (e.g. Japan and India)
98
Fiero (Italian)
contented pride in achieving something just for oneself
99
Amae (Japanese)
the sweet feeling of being dependent on someone else
100
Naches (Yiddish)
the glow of proud pleasure that only a child can give to its parents
101
Schadenfreude (German)
the feeling you experience when you learn that your worst enemy has suffered some misfortune
102
Ennui (French)
the sophisticated, world-weary boredom most intensely felt by philosophers and intellectuals
103
Gender Influences on Emotional Expression
Research suggests that there is some truth to the stereotype of the unexpressive male and the overly expressive female, of course these are statistical averages and many men and women do not fit these profiles
104
Social Rules Influences on
| Emotional Expression
- Unwritten social rules discourage the showing of emotions in public.
- Emotions that are shared are usually positive (however, never too much positive emotion).
- Teachers, managers and other professionals are expected to keep their emotions under control.
105
Emotional Contagion
the process by which emotions are transferred from one person to another.
Emotions are “infectious”
e.g., If we hang out with a grouch, then we ourselves get put into a bad mood
106
Fear of self-disclosure Influences on
| Emotional Expression
- Revealing your emotions can seem risky
- A person who musters up enough courage to share his or her feelings runs the risk of an unpleasant consequence. For example:
- a wink and smile = unwanted romance
- confession of uncertainty = weakness
- emotional honesty = people feel uncomfortable
107
6 Guidelines for Expressing Emotions
-Think about how to describe feelings
-Share multiple feelings
-Recognize the difference between
Feeling, Talking, and Acting
-Accept responsibility for your feelings
-Consider when and where
to express your feelings
108
Think About How to Describe Feelings
- Use single words: “excited” or “depressed”
- What’s happening to you: “I’m on top of the world”
- What you’d like to do: “I feel like giving up”
109
“I’m mad at you for not showing up. I’m also disappointed I didn’t see you.”
“I get mad when you flirt. I care about you a lot, and I hate to think that you don’t feel the same.”
Share Multiple Feelings
110
Recognize the difference between
| Feeling, Talking, and Acting
- Feeling something, talking about it, and then acting on that feeling can sometimes be disastrous or liberating
- Understand the consequences of your actions
111
Consider When and Where to Express your Feelings
-Wait until you have thought out carefully how you might express your feelings in a way that would be most likely to be heard.
112
Facilitative Emotions
emotions that contribute to effective functioning
113
Debilitative Emotions
emotions that prevent a person from functioning effectively
114
Thoughts Cause Feelings
- It is not events such as meeting strangers or being jilted by a lover that cause people to feel bad, but rather the beliefs they hold about these events.
- Interpretations that people make of an event, during the process of self-talk, determine feelings.
115
Irrational Thinking and Debilitative Emotions
Many debilitative emotions come from accepting irrational thoughts:
1. The Fallacy of Perfection
2. The Fallacy of Approval
3. The Fallacy of Shoulds
4. The Fallacy of Overgeneralization
5. The Fallacy of Causation
6. The Fallacy of Helplessness
7. The Fallacy of Catastrophic Expectations
116
Minimizing Debilitative Emotions
1. Monitor your emotional reactions.
2. Note the activating event.
3. Record your self-talk.
4. Dispute your irrational beliefs.
117
Influences on Emotional Expression
- Fear of self-disclosure
- Emotional Contagion
- Social Conventions and Rules
- Gender
- Language
- Cultures: Collectivistic and Individualistic
118
Instead of, “You make me so angry”
| say, “I am feeling angry”.
Accept responsibility for your feelings
119
Event: Being called names = Thought: "I've done something wrong" = Feeling: hurt, and upset.
Event: Being called names = Thought: "My friend must be sick" = Feeling: concern, and sympathy.
Thoughts cause feelings
120
The Fallacy of Perfection
We believe that we should never make a mistake or screw-up. We get the idea that perfection is possible, for ourselves and others.
121
The Fallacy of Approval
We believe that everyone must like and approve of everything we do and everything we are.
122
```
"I should be a better communicator"
"I should be smarter"
"I should be further ahead"
"I should work harder"
"I should be a better this, that or the other thing"
```
The Fallacy of Should
123
"You always do this"
"I never get it right"
"You never listen to me"
"I’m always made out to be the bad guy"
The Fallacy of Overgeneralization
| – no one ever does anything all or none of the time
124
The Fallacy of Causation
This is the false belief that our emotional state has been caused by another person rather than by our own self-talk. We tell ourselves something like: You make me feel so angry. The reality is that we haven chosen anger from any number of emotions we could have picked based on the messages we told ourselves. (Our emotional states are our choices.)
125
The Fallacy of Helplessness
This is the belief that happiness in life is based on forces just beyond our control. For example, we think: If I could only have the right job, look a certain way, have the perfect guy or girl for a partner, then I would be happy or satisfied or fulfilled.
126
The Fallacy of Catastrophic Expectations
Murphy’s Law thinking – if it is possible for something to go wrong, it will, and whatever does go wrong will be monumental. If we are honest with ourselves, the worst case scenarios we build up in our heads seldom come to pass. That’s a good thing to remember.
127
Language: Barrier and Bridge
- The Nature of Language
- The Impact of Language
- The Uses (and Abuses) of Language
- Gender and Languages
- Language and Culture
128
The Nature of Language: Language is Symbolic
= Words are arbitrary symbols that don’t have any meaning in themselves.
129
Carol Shields statement about Language
“Words are our life. We are human because we use language. So, I think we are less human when we use less language.”
130
The Nature of Language: Language is Subjective
= Words can be interpreted in many different ways; this is the basis for many
misunderstandings .
131
The Nature of Language
- Language is Symbolic
- Language is Subjective
- Language is Rule-Governed
132
The Nature of Language: Language is Rule-Governed
The linguistic agreements that make communication possible can be codified in rules.
- Phonological Rules
- Syntactic Rules
- Semantic rules
- Pragmatic rules
133
Semantic rules of Language
= govern the meaning of the symbols; they reflect the ways in which users of a language make sense of a particular linguistic symbol
- Semantic misunderstandings arise when people use words as if they had different meanings.
(ex-"I'm going to read my bike" vs. "I'm going to ride my bike"
134
Syntactic Rules of Language
= govern the way symbols can be arranged.
| ex- sentence structure: "My bike I rode" vs "I rode my bike"
135
Phonological Rules of Language
= govern how sounds are combined to form words.
| ex- same word, but pronounced differently: "Champagne" in English, vs "Champagne" in French
136
Pragmatic rules
help decide what interpretation of a message is appropriate in a given context.
137
The Impact of Language
- Naming and Identity
| - Power
138
Naming and Identity: Affiliation, Attraction, and Interest
Different names are more than just identification; they shape the way others think of us, the way we view ourselves, and the way we act.
139
Convergence
process of adapting one’s speech
| style to match that of others
140
Divergence
process of emphasizing differences
| from others
141
Powerless Speech Mannerisms
statements that can make a person appear less authoritative or socially
attractive
142
Equivocation
Equivocal language consists of words that have more than one commonly accepted definition.
143
Question: “Will you be giving our schools more money?”
Response: “We will do the best with the budget we have” or “Schools are a high priority for us”
Equivocal language
144
Abstraction
Convenient ways of generalizing about similarities between several objects, people, ideas, or events
145
Abstraction Ladder
- Shows how to describe the same phenomenon at various levels of abstraction.
- Example: Medical case-Jenny (more abstract to less abstract)
146
```
Medical case
Genetic disorder patient
Down Syndrome patient
Child with Down Syndrome
Girl with Down Syndrome
1 year old girl with Down Syndrome
Jenny
```
Example of Abstraction Ladder: more abstract to less abstract
147
"I need to get more organized"
Abstract statement
148
Abstract vs. Behavioural
- Abstract statement = "I need to get more organized”
- The participants = you
- The circumstances = around paying bills on time
- The behaviour itself = set a date each month to pay the bills, have a reminder on outlook
149
Euphemisms
“to use words of good omen”
| -pleasant terms substituted for blunt ones
150
“He passed on” or “they are sleeping together”
Euphemisms
151
Relative language
words that gain their meaning by comparison
152
"young vs old"
"pretty vs ugly"
"fast vs slow"
Relative language
153
Static Evolution
statements that contain or imply the word “is” lead to the mistaken assumption that people are consistent and unchanging.
154
“IT” statements
replace the personal pronoun “I”
| with the less immediate word “it.”
155
“I” language
clearly identifies the speaker as
| the source of the message
156
“BUT” language
strategy for wrapping the speaker’s real but unpleasant message between more palatable ideas
157
The Language of Responsibility
- “IT” statements
- “I” language
- “BUT” language
- “I” and “You” Language
158
Questions
Some questions can be sincere requests for information; other times they are used to avoid declarations
159
“You” language
expresses a judgment of another
| person
160
“I” language
a way of accepting responsibility for
| a message
161
Advantages of “I” Language
- Defense Reduction
- Honesty
- Completeness
162
Problems with “I” Language
“Even with ‘I’ language, the other person gets defensive.”
| “ ‘I’ language sounds artificial.”
163
Complete “I” statement
- The other person’s behaviour
- Your feelings
- The consequence the other person’s behaviour has on you
164
“When I hear swearing in public, I feel embarrassed, and I don’t want to hang out with you as often."
Complete “I” statement
165
“We” Language
imply that the issue is the concern and responsibility of both the speaker and receiver of a message
166
The Impact Of Language
-Disruptive Language
167
Disruptive Language
- Fact-Opinion Confusion
- Fact-Inference Confusion
- Emotive Language
168
Fact-Inference Confusion
Confusion of factual and inferential statements – conclusions drawn from an interpretation of evidence; use perception checking instead
169
Fact-Opinion Confusion
In everyday conversation, we often present our opinions as if they were facts, and in doing so we invite arguments
170
Emotive Language
-seems to describe something, but
really announces the speaker’s attitude
-To avoid arguments involving emotive words, describe things or concepts using neutral terms
171
Language And Culture
- Verbal Communication Styles
| - Language and Worldview
172
Verbal Communication Styles
- Low-context cultures
| - High-context cultures
173
Low-context cultures
generally value using language primarily to express thoughts, feelings, and ideas clearly and logically
174
High-context cultures
value using language as a way to maintain social harmony
175
Language and Worldview
- Linguistic Determinism
- Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
- Linguistic Relativism
176
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
the worldview of a culture is unavoidably shaped and reflected by the language its members speak
177
Linguistic Determinism
theory in which language is determined by a culture’s perceived reality
178
Linguistic Relativism
language exerts a strong influence on perceptions
179
Nonverbal Communication: Messages Without Words
- Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication
- Types of Nonverbal Communication
- Differences Between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
180
Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication
-All nonverbal behaviour has communicative value
-Much nonverbal communication is culture-bound
-Male and female nonverbal communications differ in some ways
-Nonverbal communication is primarily relational
-Nonverbal communication serves many
functions
-Nonverbal communication is ambiguous
-Nonverbal communication exists
181
Nonverbal communication serves
| many functions
- Repeating
- Substituting
- Complementing
- Accenting
- Regulating
- Contradicting
- Deceiving
182
Types of Nonverbal Communication
- Kinesics
- Body Orientation
- Posture
- Gestures
- Face and Eyes
- Touch
- Voice: Paralanguage
- Clothing
- Physical Attractiveness
- Proxemics
- Territory
- Physical Environment
- Time
183
Kinesics
Type of nonverbal communication characterized by the degree to which we face toward or away from someone
-aka Body Lamguage
184
Body Orientation
A area of nonverbal communication that
| involves body position and motion.
185
Posture
The way in which individuals carry themselves (e.g. erect, slumping, and so on)
186
Gestures
Motions of the body, usually hands or arms, that have communicative value
- Illustrators
- Emblems
- Adaptors
187
Illustrators
movements that accompany speech and that can’t stand alone
188
Emblems
deliberate nonverbal behaviours that stand alone and have a very precise meaning
189
Adaptors
movements in which one part of the body grooms, massages, rubs, holds, or otherwise manipulates the body
190
Face and Eyes
Ekman & Friesen identify six basic emotions of facial expression:
- surprise
- fear
- anger
- disgust
- sadness
- happiness
191
Microexpression
brief facial expressions
192
Touch
can communicate many messages and signal a variety of relationships
193
Voice: Paralanguage
nonverbal vocal messages that have communicative value: emphasis, rate, pitch, volume, tone, and disfluencies.
194
Clothing conveys 10 types of messages to others:
- Economic level
- Educational background
- Economic background
- Social position
- Educational level
- Level of success
- Social background
- Level of sophistication
- Trustworthiness
- Moral character
195
Physical Attractiveness
Perceived physical attractiveness affects interaction between people
196
Proxemics
= the way people and animals use space
- Intimate Distance = ranging from skin contact to 18 in.
- Personal Distance = ranges from 18 in. to 4 ft.
- Social Distance = ranges from 4 to 12 ft.
- Public Distance = running outward from 12 ft.
197
Intimate Distance
ranging from skin contact to 18 in.
198
Personal Distance
ranges from 18 in. to 4 ft.
199
Social Distance
ranges from 4 to 12 ft.
200
Public Distance
running outward from 12 ft.
201
Territory
a stationary area claimed by an individual
| e.g. your room, desk, or work area
202
Physical Environment
- Home designs and interiors can communicate impressions
| - Environments can shape the interaction that takes place in them
203
Chronemics
the study of how humans use and structure time
204
Differences Between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
Verbal:
- Single Channel
- Intermittent
- Clear
- Verbal Impact
- Deliberate
Non-verbal:
- Multiple Channels
- Continuous
- Ambiguous
- Nonverbal Impact
- Unconscious (and deliberate)
205
A First Look at Interpersonal Relationships
-Why We Communicate
-The Process of Communication
-Communication Principles
and Misconceptions
-The Nature of Interpersonal Communication
-Communicating about Relationships
-Communication Competence:
What Makes an Effective Communicator?
206
Communication and the Self
- Communication and the Self-Concept
- Influences on Identity
- Characteristics of and reasons for self-disclosure
- Presenting the Self: Communication as Identity Management
207
Perception: What You See Is What You Get
-The Perception Process
-Influences on Perception
-Perception Checking to Prevent Misunderstandings
-The Accuracy - and Inaccuracy - of
Perception
-Empathy and Communication
208
Emotions overview:
- What are Emotions?
- Types of Emotions
- Influences on Emotional Expression
- Guidelines for Expressing Emotions
- Managing Difficult Emotions
