15 Tolman

Question 1

Maps in Your Mind Year

Answer 1

1948

Question 2

Maps in Your Mind Author

Answer 2

Tolman

Question 3

Maps in Your Mind Background (2 things)

Answer 3

(1) Tolman was concerned with the complex internal cognitive activity when everyone else was concerned with stimulus-response learning theories.
(2) He founded the school of thought called cognitive behaviorism while working at UC Berkeley.

Question 4

Maps in Your Mind Theory (3 things)

Answer 4

(1) developed the idea of cognitive maps.
(2) learning cannot be fully understood without considering the internal mental processes
(3) even though internal cognitive processes cannot be directly observed, they could be inferred from observable behavior.

Question 5

Maps in Your Mind Latent Learning Experiment Method/Results (2 things)

Answer 5

(1) Rats were divided into three groups:
Group C (control group) ran the maze and got a food reward.
Group N ran the maze and got no food.
Group D got no food for first 10 days of running, then got food.
(2) The control rats learned the maze to near perfection in about 2 weeks. However, when the rats in group D discovered a reason to run the maze, they learned it to near perfection in only about 3 days.

Question 6

Maps in Your Mind Spatial Orientation Experiment Method/Results

Answer 6

(1) First, rats learned to run a simple maze.
(2) Then, the regular route was blocked and 12 straight paths were added radiating from the center.
(3) The rats preferred to run down the path that ran towards where they learned the maze eventually ended.

Question 7

Maps in Your Mind Significance

Answer 7

Tolman theorized that comprehensive maps of our social environment are advantageous to humans, although narrow, striplike maps can lead to negative human conditions, such as mental illness or prejudice and discrimination.

Question 8

Maps in Your Mind Legacy (3 things)

Answer 8

(1) Research: a recent study applied Tolman’s model of cognitive maps to understand how birds rely on the location of the sunto find landmarks and create cognitive maps for their remarkable migratory treks over hundreds of miles.
(2) Research: a different study examined how travelers in wilderness areas develop their knowledge of the terrain they are exploring. The author fonud that several of factors influenced the quality of the participants’ mental maps, including mode of transportation, whether they had visited the region before, number of days spent in the area, where they were from, their age, and their gender.
(3) Research: Tolman’s work was incorporated into a study on gender and sex hormone levels on ability to navigate along a specified route. Participants who had greater levels of testosterone were significantly related to increased accuracy in pointing out directions of certain landmarks after a learned route.