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Bio > 15 - Speciation And Phylogeny > Flashcards

15 - Speciation And Phylogeny Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gene flow is a mechanism of _____ but not _____

A

Gene flow is a mechanism of microevolution but not speciation.

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2
Q

4 ways of defining species

A

Morphological
Biological
Ecological
Phylogenetic

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3
Q

How does the biological perspective define species?

A

Species is a group of populations who can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

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4
Q

What is the disadvantage of the biological perspective, in terms of defining species? (Ie., the type of organism that it doesn’t apply to)

A

Cannot be applied to extinct organisms, for example, those found in fossils.
Also cannot be applied to asexual organisms.

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5
Q

How does the morphological perspective define species?

A

Defines species in terms of measurable anatomical criteria.

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6
Q

What is the disadvantage of the morphological species concept?

A

Based on highly subjective criteria.

  • needs elaboration; look at textbook
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7
Q

How does the ecological perspective define species?

A

In terms of their ecological niche; their roles.

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8
Q

Disadvantage to ecological perspective?

A

2 different species could inhabit the same niche!

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9
Q

How does the phylogenetic concept define species?

A

The smallest group of organisms that share a common ancestor…ie., one branch in a lineage.

This includes the comparison of both morphology and DNA sequences.

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10
Q

Disadvantage of phylogenetic species concept?

A

Life is so vastly varied. hard to decide how many differences are required to define a separate species?

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11
Q

What are reproductive barriers?

A

Circumstances that isolate gene pools of species, preventing gene flow.

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12
Q

What prevents gene flow?

A

Reproductive barriers!

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13
Q

What are the two types of reproductive barriers?

A

Prezygotic and postzygotic barriers

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14
Q

Prezygotic barrier

A

Prevents mating or fertilization

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15
Q

Postzygotic barrier

A

Occurs after fertilization; prevents formation of VIABLE AND FERTILE offspring.

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16
Q

Types of prezygotic barriers (5)

A 
Habitat isolation
Temporal isolation
Behavioural isolation
Mechanical isolation
Gametic isolation
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17
Q

Types of postzygotic barriers (3)

A

Reduced hybrid viability
Reduced hybrid fertility
Hybrid breakdown

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18
Q

Temporal isolation is a type of ______ barrier

A

Prezygotic

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19
Q

Mechanical isolation is a type of ____ barrier

A

Prezygotic

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20
Q

Reduced hybrid fertility is a type of _____ barrier

A

Postzygotic

21
Q

Hybrid breakdown is a type of _____ barrier

A

Postzygotic

22
Q

Reduced hybrid viability is a type of _____ barrier

A

Postzygotic

23
Q

Reduced hybrid fertility

A

When hybrids fail to produce functional gametes.

24
Q

Reduced hybrid viability

A

When the development or survival of hybrids is impaired.

25
Q

Hybrid breakdown

A

When offspring of hybrids are feeble or infertile.

26
Q

A horse and a donkey mate. Their offspring is a mule. Mules are sterile. What reproductive barrier is this? Pre/post? And what kind?

A

Postzygotic; reduced hybrid fertility

27
Q

Hybrid breakdown

A

Infertility that occurs at or after F2 generation.

28
Q

What are the mechanisms of speciation?

A

Allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation.

29
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

Emergence of new species, due to barriers that emerge WITHOUT geographic isolation

30
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

Emergence of new species that occurs after reproductive barriers emerge due to geographic isolation.

31
Q

Examples of allopatric speciation

A 
Emerging mountain range
Partitioning lake
Continental drift (plate tectonics!)
32
Q

Reminder to look at fly experiment in textbook

A

Do it!

33
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

Speciation that occurs without geographic isolation! So new species is in same geographic area as parent species!

34
Q

3 mechanisms of sympatric speciation?

A

Polyploidy
Habitat differentiation
Sexual selection

35
Q

Polyploidy

A

An organism having 2+ sets of chromosomes due to accident during cell division

36
Q

2 types of polyploidy?

A

Autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy

37
Q

Habitat differentiation

A

Organisms mate with others who are on their preferred resource

38
Q

Sexual selection

A

Organism mates with others that use the same preferred resource

39
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history of a species

40
Q

Marsupials and eutherians evolved from common ancestor. T F?

A

F; they’re an example of analogies/convergent evolution

41
Q

Name the structures on your arm

A 
Humerus
Radius and ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
42
Q

Convergent/divergent: dolphin and puma?

A

Divergent! Both evolved from mammalian ancestor

43
Q

Convergent/divergent: shark and dolphin?

A

Convergent! Shark is a chondrichthye. Dolphin is a mammal.

44
Q

Systematics

A

Biology discipline; classifying organisms, determining evolutionary relationships

45
Q

Taxonomy

A

System of naming and classifying

46
Q

Claude

A

Group of species including the ancestor species and /all/ of that ancestor’s descendants

47
Q

Shared ancestral character

A

Character shared by members of a clade, that originated before the ancestor of that clade

48
Q

Shared derived character

A

A character that is unique to clade being discussed

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