15) Regenerative Medicine

Question 1

Regenerative Medicine

Answer 1

Replacement of injured, diseased, or missing body parts w/fxnl & site-appropriate tissue

Question 2

Bioinductive Scaffolding

Answer 2

Intestinal submucosa that provides an environment/structure for regeneration of integument & muscle tissue

Question 3

What are the types of stem cells?

Answer 3

• Embryonic
• Fetal
• Adult
• Induced

Question 4

Autogenic Stem Cells

Answer 4

From the same person

Question 5

Allogenic Stem Cells

Answer 5

Donor stem cells

Question 6

Xenogenic Stem Cells

Answer 6

Cross species

Question 7

Totipotent Stem Cells

Answer 7

Can turn into any tissue

Question 8

Pleuripotent Stem Cells

Answer 8

Can turn into several types of tissues

Question 9

Multipotent Stem Cells

Answer 9

Turn into a small # of tissue types

Question 10

Gene Therapy

Answer 10

Pharmaceutical use of cloning DNA to tx disease

Question 11

Cloning

Answer 11

Refers to a # of different processes that can be used to produce genetically identical copies of a living creature

Question 12

What things are required for regeneration?

Answer 12

• Blood flow
• GF’s
• Appropriate loading

Question 13

Why is appropriate loading required for tissue regeneration?

Answer 13

• Compression accelerates regeneration of transplanted bone
• Tensile forces enhance the regeneration process of cultured annulus fibrosus

Question 14

What do engineered tissues/organs respond to?

Answer 14

Mechanical Forces

Question 15

What do transplanted stem cells respond to?

Answer 15

E-stim & Exercise

Question 16

What is used to reverse traumatic muscle loss?

Answer 16

Combo of bioinductive scaffolding & Intense Rehab

Question 17

What can incr proliferation of stem cells & neurons & what does this improve?

Answer 17

Intermittent Hypoxia–>Improves clinical outcomes for SCI pt’s

Question 18

Mechanotransduction

Answer 18

Foam rolling

Question 19

Tensegrity

Answer 19

Cellular stiffness provided by microtubules, which disperse compressive, tensile, & shear forces; Aka membrane tension

Question 20

Explain the concept of tensegrity

Answer 20

Sheer, compression, & traction influence membrane tension bc force is exerted t/o the cell which changes the shape of the cell, so fxn is effected

Question 21

Transduction

Answer 21

Mechanical forces that cause a cascade of signals w/in the cell resulting in up/down regulation of an organelle, cytosolic fxn, or translocation of transcription factors in the cell nucleus

Question 22

Stretch-Activated Ion Channels

Answer 22

Pores that are opened/closed by tension changes to influence ion concentrations

Question 23

Integrins

Answer 23

Form attachments between a cell’s membrane & ECM or other cell membranes; Tension exposes ECM to signal proteins that control intercellular & intracellular fxns

Question 24

Growth Factor Receptors

Answer 24

Activate messenger pathways when they’re bound to GF’s

Question 25

G-Protein Coupled Receptors

Answer 25

Mechano-sensitive & chemo-sensitive receptors that coordinate intracellular & extracellular fxn’s

Question 26

Transcription

Answer 26

Information DNA is copied to make RNA

Question 27

Explain the process of transcription

Answer 27

RNA polymerase unzips DNA & a segment of the strand is copied into mRNA, which is packaged & then exits through nuclear pores

Question 28

Translation

Answer 28

Ribosomes use genetic info of nucleotide sequences(RNA) to synthesize polypeptides

Question 29

Explain the process of translation

Answer 29

mRNA is bound to ribosomes for message decoding & tRNA facilitates the matching process from mRNA to amino acids. Codons get matched to specific amino acids & then the acids are sequentially linked to form proteins.

Question 30

Post-Translation

Answer 30

Proteins get modified, folded, & packaged for transport in secretory & transport vesicles