1.5 - Proteins and Nucleic Acids Flashcards
Tell me about Proteins
Proteins account for more than 50% of the dry weight of most cells and are involved in almost everything the cell does.
what are proteins made of
They are made of long chains of amino acids that fold around each other due to intra and inter-molecular forces.
the 7 classes/functions of proteins
Structural Proteins, Contractile Proteins, Storage Proteins, Defensive Proteins, Transport Proteins, Enzyme Proteins, Hormonal Proteins
Structural Proteins
Functions in the cell membrane and muscle tissue. It makes up animal hair, spider silk, and our tendons and ligaments.
Contractile Proteins
Works with structural proteins. Provides muscle movement.
Storage Proteins
Albumin (egg white) serves as the source of amino acids for developing embryos. (they are storage)
Defensive Proteins
Carries antibodies that fight infection. They are carried in the blood.
Transport Proteins
Includes hemoglobin (the iron containing protein in the blood that transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body)
Enzyme Proteins
Most important. Enzyme proteins promote and regulate all chemical reactions in the cells.
Hormone Proteins
Hormone proteins such as insulin act as chemical messengers in cells and in the extracellular environment
Amino acids
Amino acids can be polar, non-polar, or charged (acidic or basic) and determine the biological activity of protein.
Peptides
Peptides are short strings of AA, typically comprising 2–50 amino acids.
how long can protein be
Protein length can range from 8-2000 AA (amino acids) long.
1 AA=
2 AAs=
Many AAs=
1 or more polypeptide chains=
1 AA = 1 AA monomer
2 AAs = a dipeptide molecule
Many AAs = a polypeptide chain
1 or more polypeptide chains = a protein molecule
The 4 Protein Structures.
Primary Protein Structure
Secondary Protein Structure
Tertiary Protein Structure
Quaternary Protein Structure
Primary Protein Structure
Primary Protein structure is a sequence of amino acids (looks like a chain)
Secondary Protein Structure
Secondary Protein Structures are when H bonds between AA make α-helices and β-pleated sheets (α looks like a helix, β looks like semi folded sheet metal)
Tertiary Protein Structure
Tertiary Protein Structure are further folds of polypeptides (Secondary) stabilized by functional group interactions (looks like a group of the 1st and 2nd Protein Structure)
Quaternary Protein Structure
clustering of 2+ polypeptides in
tertiary structure
Fibrous Protein Structure
Strong, linear in shape (due to
parallel polypeptide chains and Beta pleated sheets), Insoluble in water, Ex: collagen, silk, keratin
Globular Protein Structure
Spherical in shape, have a hydrophobic group on
the inside, have a hydrophilic group on
the outside, soluble in water, Ex: enzymes, antibodies, hormones
Denatured Protein
Denatured proteins cannot carry out their functions and are caused by chemicals or heat disrupting the H-Bonds, Ionic Bonds, DiSulfide Bridges, and Hydrophobic interactions
Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are polymers formed from nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a nitrogenous base, a 5 carbon pentose sugar, and a phosphate group
Nucleotides Sugar Groups
Nucleotides all contain sugar groups which either contain Deoxyribose (DNA) or Ribose (RNA)
