1.5 - Proteins and Nucleic Acids

Question 1

Tell me about Proteins

Answer 1

Proteins account for more than 50% of the dry weight of most cells and are involved in almost everything the cell does.

Question 2

what are proteins made of

Answer 2

They are made of long chains of amino acids that fold around each other due to intra and inter-molecular forces.

Question 3

the 7 classes/functions of proteins

Answer 3

Structural Proteins, Contractile Proteins, Storage Proteins, Defensive Proteins, Transport Proteins, Enzyme Proteins, Hormonal Proteins

Question 4

Structural Proteins

Answer 4

Functions in the cell membrane and muscle tissue. It makes up animal hair, spider silk, and our tendons and ligaments.

Question 5

Contractile Proteins

Answer 5

Works with structural proteins. Provides muscle movement.

Question 6

Storage Proteins

Answer 6

Albumin (egg white) serves as the source of amino acids for developing embryos. (they are storage)

Question 7

Defensive Proteins

Answer 7

Carries antibodies that fight infection. They are carried in the blood.

Question 8

Transport Proteins

Answer 8

Includes hemoglobin (the iron containing protein in the blood that transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body)

Question 9

Enzyme Proteins

Answer 9

Most important. Enzyme proteins promote and regulate all chemical reactions in the cells.

Question 10

Hormone Proteins

Answer 10

Hormone proteins such as insulin act as chemical messengers in cells and in the extracellular environment

Question 11

Amino acids

Answer 11

Amino acids can be polar, non-polar, or charged (acidic or basic) and determine the biological activity of protein.

Question 12

Peptides

Answer 12

Peptides are short strings of AA, typically comprising 2–50 amino acids.

Question 13

how long can protein be

Answer 13

Protein length can range from 8-2000 AA (amino acids) long.

Question 14

1 AA=
2 AAs=
Many AAs=
1 or more polypeptide chains=

Answer 14

1 AA = 1 AA monomer
2 AAs = a dipeptide molecule
Many AAs = a polypeptide chain
1 or more polypeptide chains = a protein molecule

Question 15

The 4 Protein Structures.

Answer 15

Primary Protein Structure
Secondary Protein Structure
Tertiary Protein Structure
Quaternary Protein Structure

Question 16

Primary Protein Structure

Answer 16

Primary Protein structure is a sequence of amino acids (looks like a chain)

Question 17

Secondary Protein Structure

Answer 17

Secondary Protein Structures are when H bonds between AA make α-helices and β-pleated sheets (α looks like a helix, β looks like semi folded sheet metal)

Question 18

Tertiary Protein Structure

Answer 18

Tertiary Protein Structure are further folds of polypeptides (Secondary) stabilized by functional group interactions (looks like a group of the 1st and 2nd Protein Structure)

Question 19

Quaternary Protein Structure

Answer 19

clustering of 2+ polypeptides in

tertiary structure

Question 20

Fibrous Protein Structure

Answer 20

Strong, linear in shape (due to

parallel polypeptide chains and Beta pleated sheets), Insoluble in water, Ex: collagen, silk, keratin

Question 21

Globular Protein Structure

Answer 21

Spherical in shape, have a hydrophobic group on
the inside, have a hydrophilic group on
the outside, soluble in water, Ex: enzymes, antibodies, hormones

Question 22

Denatured Protein

Answer 22

Denatured proteins cannot carry out their functions and are caused by chemicals or heat disrupting the H-Bonds, Ionic Bonds, DiSulfide Bridges, and Hydrophobic interactions

Question 23

Nucleic acids

Answer 23

Nucleic acids are polymers formed from nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a nitrogenous base, a 5 carbon pentose sugar, and a phosphate group

Question 24

Nucleotides Sugar Groups

Answer 24

Nucleotides all contain sugar groups which either contain Deoxyribose (DNA) or Ribose (RNA)

Question 25

2 Nitrogenous Base Groups

Answer 25

Pyrimidines (one ring) or Purines (two rings)

Question 26

DNA

Answer 26

Deoxyribonucleic acid
A polymer
The genetic code for all proteins and life functions
2 nucleotide strands linked by hydrogen bonds
between nitrogenous bases (A&T, C&G
Has a double helix structure
Unique genetic information is determined by the
sequence of nucleotides

Question 27

RNA

Answer 27

Ribonucleic Acid
A polymer
A template of 1 gene, a code for 1 protein
RNA carries the protein “blueprint”, copied from DNA, from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where a ribosome assembles the proper protein sequence
Contains A&U, C&G
mRNA and tRNA