15 - Political Authority, Opposition And The State Of Russia In Wartime, 1914-17 Flashcards
What date did Germany declare war on Russia? What surged Russia?
19/07/14
Patriotism
What credits did the Duma vote for? What ceased?
War credits
Strikes
What Union was created in 1914? What 2 things was it created for?
An All-Russian Zemstvo Union
Relief of Sick and Wounded Soldiers
Who was President of the All-Russian Zemstvo Union? What class was he?
Prince Lvov
Kadet
What was St Petersburg renamed as in August 1914? Why?
Petrograd
To sound less German
What did the country divide into? What authority was suspended?
Military zones
Civilian authority
What invasion in August 1914 met strong German resistance?
East Prussia
What battle took place in August 1914? How many Russian soldiers died?
Battle of Tannenburg
300,000
What battle took place in September 1914?
Battle of Masurian Lakes
Where did 2 Russian retreats take place? What reports soon came out after?
Germany and Austria
Lack of raw materials
What did the Zemstva resent? Why?
Loss of authority
They were doing more medical relief than the government
What industries assumed responsibility for supplies in the absence of Tsarist action? What did this encourage?
Local and national industries
Political ambitions
What did the Zemstva and Duma accuse the government of?
Incompetence
What did the Duma form in August 1915? What did they demand?
Progressive bloc
A constitutional monarchy
What role did the Tsar take over in August 1915? What did he lack?
Commander-in-chief
Military experience
How many men were mobilised by the government between 1914-17? What weren’t they provided with?
15 million
Appropriate equipment
What offensive was Nicholas II held responsible for? When did this take place?
Brusilov offensive
June-August 1916
What 2 things contributed to the Brusilov defeat?
Lack of trained officers
Small railway network
Which 2 outsiders had influence over appointments in Russia? Why was this?
Alexandra and Rasputin
Nicholas’ absence
What rumours spread about Alexandra and Rasputin?
They were sabotaging the Russian war effort
Who was Rodzianko? What did he warn Nicholas II about?
4th Duma President
The rumours about Rasputin and Alexandra
Who assassinated Rasputin? When was he assassinated?
Prince Yusupov
December 1916
How much did costs rise in Russia between 1914-18?
1.5m roubles to 14.5m roubles
Why did production slump in Russia?
Conscription
Why was industrial capacity lost? In what 2 areas did trade end following naval blockades?
Germans overran Western Europe
Baltic/Black Sea trades
Why was distribution an issue? What was this disrupted by?
Small railway network
Fuel shortage
Who were railways prioritised to? What did this mean for civilians?
The military
Food would rot before it got to them
Why was hoarding grain ineffective? What did workers suffer from?
There was nothing to buy after the war
Unemployment
Why did non-military factories close?
Lack of raw materials
How much did living rates increase in Petrograd? What escalated in Petrograd?
300%
Strikes
What does Historian Edward Acton say about social tension?
“Political developments directly reflected mounting social tension”
