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Pharmacology > 15/22/23 > Flashcards

15/22/23 Flashcards

1
Q

Variation in the drug concentrations achieved by equivalent doses

A

inter-individual variation: Pharmacokinetics

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2
Q

What is much more important cause of the inter-individual variation in drug response in clinical practice

A

Variation in the drug concentrations achieved by equivalent doses
inter-individual variation: Pharmacokinetics

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3
Q

Factors affecting Individual variations in drug response

A

• Rates of drug absorption
• Rates of drug distribution
• Rates of elimination, either alteration in metabolism or excretion
• variety of drug interactions which may influence pharmacokinetic parameters
• Age
• The degree of plasma-protein binding

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4
Q

The degree of plasma-protein binding influences what?

A

influences the distribution, action, metabolism and renal excretion of drugs.

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5
Q

Variation in the response to equivalent drug concentrations arises because of various factors, such as:

A
  1. differences in receptor number and structure
  2. receptor-coupling mechanisms
  3. and physiological changes in target organs resulting from differences in genetics, age and health.
  4. sensitivity of receptors/enzyme targets to drug changed with age or disease
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6
Q

result in altered responsiveness in drug
targets (e.g. receptor function) or (e.g. enzyme activity).

A

genetic polymorphisms

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7
Q

Examples of personalized medicine

A

using targeted therapies to treat specific types of cancer cells, such as Trastuzumab HER2-positive breast cancer cells

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8
Q

Acetylcholine from …… fibers

A

Cholinergic

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9
Q

Ex of Cholinergic Receptors

A

Nicotinic (N)
Muscurinic

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10
Q

Ex of Adrenergic Receptors

A

Alpha/Beta

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11
Q

Alpha-1 receptors

A
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Mydriasis
  • Contraction of the GIT &urethral sphincters
  • Increase B.P
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12
Q

Alpha-2 receptors are mainly ……

A

presynaptic

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13
Q

Which receptor stimulation decreases nor adrenalin release

A

Alpha-2

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14
Q

Beta-1 works mainly on?

A

Heart
(+) inotropic effect (^ force)
(+) chronotropic effect (^rate)

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15
Q

Beta-2

A

bronchodilatation,
uterus, bladder & GIT wall relaxation
vasodilatation of B.Vs

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16
Q

Steps of adrenergic transmission

A

Synthesis
Store in vesicles
Release
Binding to receptor
Degradation/metabolism
Reuptake

17
Q

Adrenaline is

A

Catecholamine Direct Adrenergic agonists SYMPATHOMIMETICS non-selective

18
Q

Noradrenaline is

A

Catecholamine Direct Adrenergic agonists SYMPATHOMIMETICS non-selective

19
Q

Dopamine

A

Catecholamine Direct Adrenergic agonists SYMPATHOMIMETICS non-selective
D1 (minimal doses)
ß1 (intermediate dose)
alpha1 (high dose)

20
Q

Phenylephrine is / act on which receptor?

A

Non-catecholamines Direct Adrenergic agonists SYMPATHOMIMETICS selective
Alpha1

21
Q

Albuterol is / act on which receptor?

A

Non-catecholamines Direct Adrenergic agonists SYMPATHOMIMETICS selective
Beta2

22
Q

Epinephrine release into the bloodstream brings about several physiological changes, such as:

A

• increased heart rate
• Broncho dilatation
• raised blood sugar levels
• increased strength and physical performance

23
Q

Epinephrine acts on the alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptors in the ?

A

muscles, lungs, heart, and blood vessels.

24
Q

Norepinephrine promotes what that causes what?

A

vasoconstriction, which is a narrowing of the blood vessels, and this increases blood pressure.

25
Q

Norepinephrine primarily acts on the ……adrenoreceptors in the blood vessels.

A

alpha 1

26
Q

Therapeutic uses of Epinephrine

A
  1. anaphylactic shock (epinephrine is the drug of
    choice and can be life saving )
  2. Cardiac arrest
27
Q

Norepinephrine is used to treat ?

A

Shock

28
Q

Norepinephrine is used to treat shock because it

A

Because it increases peripheral vascular resistance and therefore increases blood pressure

29
Q

Adverse effects Epinephrine

A
  1. CNS (anxiety, fear, tension, headache,
    and tremor).
  2. cardiac arrhythmias
  3. Hypertension
30
Q

Nor- Epinephrine Adverse effects

A

similar to epinephrine
• In addition,  It is a potent vasoconstrictor and may cause sloughing of skin along an
injected vein.

31
Q

If extravasation (leakage of drug from the
vessel into tissues surrounding the
injection site) occurs, it can cause

A

tissue necrosis

32
Q

Dopamine therapetic use

A

– Cardiogenic and septic shock

33
Q

α1receptors Example - used as?

A

Phenylephrine
• Used as
Nasal decongestants

34
Q

ALPHA 2 examples

A

CLONIDINE
METHYLDOPA

35
Q

Clonidine effect?

A

Decrease blood pressure

36
Q

Methyldopa effect

A

– Decrease blood pressure
– Used for pregnant with Gestational hypertension

37
Q

Beta 2 Agonist Drugs

A

Albuterol
Salmeterol

38
Q

Albuterol management of ?

A

Acute asthma symptoms

39
Q

Salmeterol management of ?

A

Chronic asthma symptoms

Pharmacology (6 decks)

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