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anatomy > Nutrition, Metabolism & Energy Balance > Flashcards

Nutrition, Metabolism & Energy Balance Flashcards

1
Q

What is a nutrient?

A

A substance in food that body uses for growth, maintenance and repair

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2
Q

What 2 groups can nutrients be subdivided into?

A

Macro- and micronutrients

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3
Q

What are in macronutrients?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids

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4
Q

What are in micronutrients?

A

Vitamins and minerals

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5
Q

What is the difference between essential and non-essential nutrients?

A

Essential nutrients must be provided by the diet, while non-essential nutrients can be produced by the body

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6
Q

What is the purpose of soluble fiber?

A

Lower cholesterol levels by binding to cholesterol and not allowing it to enter circulation

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7
Q

What is the purpose of insoluble fiber?

A

Can not be digested and facilitates defecation

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8
Q

What is the purpose of glucose in the body?

A

Is needed for the production of ATP

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9
Q

What is the most abundant dietary lipid?

A

Triglycerides

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10
Q

What are the types of fats?

A

Unsaturated and saturated (includes trans) fats

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11
Q

What 2 essential fatty acids can the liver not synthesize?

A

Linolenic and linoleic acid

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12
Q

Complete vs incomplete proteins

A

Complete proteins contain the greatest amount of essential amino acids

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13
Q

All-or-none rule for protein synthesis

A

All amino acids to make a certain protein must be present and in sufficient amounts for the protein to be made

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14
Q

Adequacy of caloric intake

A

Proteins should not be used as an energy source, thus there must be fat and carbs for ATP production

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15
Q

3 factors that affect protein synthesis or degradation

A

1)All-or-none rule
2)Adequacy of caloric intake
3)Hormonal controls

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16
Q

Nitrogen balance

A

Can be +, neutral or -, relates to the amount of protein left in the body after consumption/excretion

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17
Q

2 types of vitamins

A

Water and fat soluble

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18
Q

7 minerals needed by the body

A

Ca2+, P, K+, S, Mg2+, Na2+, Cl-

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19
Q

Anabolism

A

Buildup of larger molecules from smaller ones (aa to proteins)

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20
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown of large molecules to smaller ones (proteins to aa)

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21
Q

3 Step catabolic process of cellular respiration

A

1)Glycolysis (Tissue cells)
2)Krebs Cycle (Mitochondria)
3)Oxidative Phosphorylation (Mitochondria)

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22
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons/gain of oxygen

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23
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons/loss of oxygen

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24
Q

What are the 2 types of phosphorylation mechanisms to form ATP?

A

Substrate-level & oxidation

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25
Q

What are the 3 phases of glycolysis?

A

Sugar activation
Sugar cleavage
Sugar oxidation

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26
Q

What are the products from glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvic acid, 2 NADH + H+, 2 ATP

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27
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytosol

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28
Q

Where does the kreb’s cycle occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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29
Q

What occurs in the transitional phase between glycolysis and the krebs cycle?

A

Pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl CoA; through the removal of a C and then oxidation through NAD+, leaving acetic acid and coenzyme A

30
Q

After 1 cycle of the krebs cycle what are the products?

A

2 CO2, 3 NADH + H+, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP (doubled bc of 2 pyruvic acids, include transition phase)

31
Q

What are the 2 phases of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Phase 1: Creation of proton gradient
Phase 2: Chemiosmosis (uses proton gradient to create ATP)

32
Q

How much ATP is created after glucose metabolism?

A

~30 ATP

33
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Glycogen formation

34
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen breakdown

35
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Creation of new glucose molecules from non-carbohydrates (glycerol/amino acids)

36
Q

2 parts of lipid metabolism

A

Glycerol breakdown
Fatty acid breakdown

37
Q

Glycerol breakdown in lipid metabolism

A

Glycerol converted to glyceraldehyde (1/2 glucose molecule) functions the same as glucose in glycolysis

38
Q

Fatty acid breakdown in lipid metabolism

A

Beta oxidation, converts fatty acids to acetyl coA, goes straight to krebs cycle

39
Q

Lipolysis

A

Breakdown of triglycerides (from storage) into glycerol and FAs
Mainly used if carbohydrates are limited

40
Q

Lipogenesis

A

Synthesis of triglycerides from glycerol and FAs, so it can be stored

41
Q

Formation of ketone bodies

A

When there is no oxaloacetic acid, acetyl CoA accumulates

42
Q

What are the 3 steps of protein metabolism?

A

1)Transamination
2)Oxidative Deamination
3)Keto acid modification

43
Q

Which pancreatic cells release insulin?

A

Beta cells

44
Q

Which pancreatic cells release glucagon?

A

Alpha cells

45
Q

During what state is insulin released?

A

Absorptive state

46
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Destruction of the beta cells that produce insulin; high blood-glucose levels

47
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Target cell receptors do not respond to insulin ; high blood-glucose levels

48
Q

Function of lipoproteins

A

Transport water-soluble cholesterol/triglycerides through the blood

49
Q

Types of lipoproteins

A

HDLs, LDLs, VLDLs, chylomicrons

50
Q

2 forms of thyroid hormone (TH)

A

T4 (2 tyrosine molecules & 4 iodine atoms) and T3 (2 tyrosine molecules & 3 iodine atoms)

51
Q

What is the purpose of TH?

A

To bind to intracellular receptors in DNA to trigger transcription of various metabolic genes

52
Q

What forms can be made when iodine attaches to tyrosine?

A

Monoiodotyrosine (MIT) or diiodotyrosine (DIT)

53
Q

What occurs when TH levels are low?

A

Hypothalamus release TRH to the anterior pituitary gland, which release TSH to the thyroid gland

54
Q

Graves disease

A

Hypersecretion of TH; mimic of TSH

55
Q

Myxedema

A

Hyposecretion of TH usually due to iron deficiency and unusable thyroglobulin caused thyroid enlargement
Cretinism in infants

56
Q

Body Mass Index (BMI)

A

Used to determine obesity based on a person’s weight relative to heigh

57
Q

5 factors that are seen in those with metabolic syndrome

A

Increased:
-Waist circumference
-Blood pressure
-Blood glucose
-Blood triglycerides
Decreased:
-Blood HDL cholesterols

58
Q

Arcuate nucleus (ARC)

A

Contains 2 opposing types of neurons (hunger & satiety promoting neurons)

59
Q

What are the hunger-promoting neurons?

A

NPY/AgRP from the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA)

60
Q

What are the satiety-promoting neurons?

A

POMC/CART from the ventromedial nucleus (VMN)

61
Q

Short-term regulation of food intake

A

Neural signals, nutrient signals and hormones

62
Q

Long-term regulation of food intake

A

Leptin; keeps your body at a normal body weight

63
Q

Direct measure of metabolic rate

A

Calorimeter (heat liberated)

64
Q

Indirect measure of metabolic rate

A

Respirometer (oxygen consumption)

65
Q

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

Energy body needs to perform its most essential activities

66
Q

Total metabolic rate (TMR)

A

Energy needed to fuel all ongoing activities

67
Q

Radiation

A

Heat loss by infrared rays

68
Q

Conduction

A

Heat transfer due to direct contact

69
Q

Convection

A

Heat transfer due to surrounding air/water

70
Q

Evaporation

A

Heat loss due to evaporation of water from body surfaces

71
Q

Main integrating center for thermoregulation

A

Hypothalamus

anatomy (6 decks)

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