Tulving: Long Term Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of memory within the LTM?

A

Episodic and semantic

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2
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

-a mental diary
-remembers personal events and experiences.

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3
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

-mental encyclopaedia.
-remembers facts, knowledge and figures.
-doesn’t rely on retrieval and can rely on a set of rules.

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4
Q

What is time referencing?

A

If memories are linked together and can trigger one another.

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5
Q

What is spatial referencing?

A

If all the memories are remembered together or fragmented.

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6
Q

What is a state and context cue?

A

State- personal/emotions.
Context- environment

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7
Q

Is episodic or semantic memories time referenced? And why?

A

Episodic- one memory can trigger another and it is dependent on time referencing.

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8
Q

From semantic and episodic memory, which one uses spatial referencing? And why?

A

-Semantic memory
-Things are remembered in fragments not all together.

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9
Q

Does episodic memory use cues and is it easily forgotten?

A

-Is cue dependent (both state and context).
-Can be easily forgotten as it is very susceptible to memory transformation due to failure of cues.

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10
Q

Is semantic memory dependent on cues and is it easily forgotten?

A

-It is not cue dependent.
-Is not daily forgotten as it is robust and less susceptible to transformation .

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11
Q

What is Steyvers and Hemmer (2012) research and how does it support/conflict Tulving’s theory?

A

-Suggested it is not possible to study both forms of memory separately as episodic relies on knowledge which is semantic.
-Conflicts theory as it is said to not be two separate stores.

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12
Q

What is Ostregaard (1987) research and how does it support/conflict Tulving’s theory?

A

-Study of a 10 year old boy who had oxygen deprivation. Could do well in school and semantic came back but episodic did not.
-Supports theory as it shows LTM as two separate stores.

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13
Q

What is the KC case study and how does it support/conflict the theory?

A

-Had a motorcycle accident and couldn’t recall episodic memories but could recall semantic.
-Supporting as shows two separate stores in the LTM.

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14
Q

What is Squire and Zola’s (1988) research and how does it support/conflict the theory?

A

-Conducted brain scans and found both stores but both were in the medial temporal lobe.
-Supports as it can prove that the two stores exist.
-Conflicts as both stores are in the same place so could be 1 store not 2.

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15
Q

What is the HM case study and how does it support/conflict the theory?

A

-Could not make new semantic or episodic memories.
-Conflicts theory as both stores were damaged it shows it could all be one store (in the hippocampus).

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16
Q

What is Gilbert and Fisher’s(2006) study and how doe sit support/conflict the theory?

A

-Cues were effective in helping recall a video of a mock crime which was previously forgotten.
-Supports theory as video is an episodic memory which is cue dependent

17
Q

Why is the MSM better than Tulving’s theory?

A

Can explain long term memory, short term memory and the sensory register but Tulving only describes the long term memory.

18
Q

Why is Tulving’s theory better than the MSM?

A

Tulving’s theory is a lot more in depth than the MSM when explaining the LTM.

19
Q

Who might the theory be useful to help?

A

People suffering with dementia.

20
Q

Why can the theory be useful for people with dementia?

A

-They typically lose their episodic memory before semantic.
-So the theory can explain a real life behaviour.

21
Q

What are some strengths and weaknesses of case studies?

A

Strengths:
-Very valid as they gather in depth qual data.
-Do not cause any harm to the person.
Weaknesses:
-Not generalisable.
-Not very reliable.
-It is an invasive process and if it becomes well known can break the confidentiality.

22
Q

What is a strength of brain scans supporting the theory?

A

-Empirical evidence (scientific) so can be observed and harder to contradict.

23
Q

What is a strength and weakness of the video used in the study?

A

Strength:
-easy to repeat and standardised.
Weakness:
-Not true to real life so lacks mundane realism and cannot explain real life behaviour.