14295B Laboratory/Pharmacy Flashcards
Inhalation is divided into what 3 major types?
Vaporization
Gas
Nebulization
Topically applied medications serve what 2 purposes?
Local and systemic effects
How is the reference Drug Facts and Comparisons organized?
Therapeutic medication class
What reference contains a quick and concise medication info?
Drug Information Handbook
What are the 6 rights of medication administration?
Patient Medication Dose Route Time Documentation
Medications usually what what 3 names?
Chemical
Generic
Brand/Trade
Aluminum acetate solution (Burrows Solution) is used as what?
Wet-to-dry dressing for relief of inflammatory conditions of the skin
What is used as a topical astringent and protectant to blistered, raw or oozing areas of the skin?
Calamine lotion
Definition of emollients
Bland or fatty substances applied to the skin to make it more pliable and soft
What is known as the “blue bible” of pharmacology?
Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy
What is the generic name for cocoa butter?
Theobroma oil
Zinc oxide is a white petrolatum emollient containing what percentage of zinc oxide powder?
20%
Expectorants are more accurately know as what?
Bronchomucotropic agents
Define dosage range
The min and max amount to produce the desired effect
What is HCL?
Pseudophedrine Hydrochloride
Define posology
The study of dosages and the criteria that influence it
What is the generic name for Mucinex D?
Pseudophedrine
Guaifenesin
Define pharmacodynamics
Study of the action or the effects of medications on living organisms
What medication may be taken to ease the effects of radiation sickness?
Dimenhydrinate
Dramamine
What medication is used to treat GERD?
Ranitidine
Zantac
What are histamine H2 receptor antagonists effective in preventing?
Peptic ulcers
Oral medication should be avoided for how long after taking an antacid?
2hrs
What is used to reduce phosphate absorption in patients with chronic renal failure?
Magnesium Hydroxide
Milk of Magnesia
What text sets the standards for the quality, purity, strength and provides standards for medications?
United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary
Contraindications to give magnesium hydroxide?
Abdominal pain
Nausea
Vomiting
What designates the USP-NF as the official reference for medications marketed in the US?
US Federal Food, Medication and Cosmetics Act
Prolonged use of magnesium hydroxide may cause what?
Kidney stones
What is the major advantage of taking Aluminum Hydroxide?
No systemic alkalosis
Define pharmacognosy
Deals with biological biochemical and economic features of natural meds
Why is Maalox better than Amphojel?
Less constipating
What effect to antiseptics have on microbes?
Suppressing
Define pharmacotherapeutics
The use of meds in the treatment of diseases
What effect do germicides have on microbes?
Lethal
Disinfectants generally have what effect?
Germicidal
What is the standard by which all other antiseptic agents are measured for effectiveness?
Phenol
Carbolic acid
High concentrations of phenol can cause what?
Tissue destruction
What inactivates phenol?
Alcohol
What does betadine release into the skin?
Free iodine
What decreases the effectiveness of hexachlorophene?
Pus or serum
Hexachlorophene should not be used on what patients?
Premature infants
Denuded skin
Burns
Mucous membranes
Define toxicology
Study of poisons
Residual amounts of hexachlorophene can be removed with what?
Alcohol
Glutaraldehyde is used to sterilize materials that are not resistant to heat and is effective against what kind of bacteria?
Vegetative
What % is hydrogen peroxide usually available in?
3%
What is hydrogen peroxide usually used to treat?
NUG
What is mostly used in a solid form to cauterize mucous membranes and to treat aphthous ulcers?
Silver nitrate
What is the most common side effect of silver nitrate?
Turns skin black
What is silver nitrate in liquid form used for?
Gonorrheal ophthalmia
What happens if a wet dressing of silver nitrate dries out?
Causes argyria
Turns skin slate grey, uncureable
Prior to penicillin, what was the first effective chemotherapeutic?
Sulfonamides
What year was penicillin introduced?
1941
What is penicillin’s mechanism of action?
Inhibits cells wall synthesis
Penicillin G, Aqueous may only be administered how?
Parenteral IV only
Penicillin G, Benazathine is used to treat infections caused by what group of bacteria?
Streptococcal group A
Define therapeutics
Science of treating disease by any method that will relive pain, treat or cure infection
What has a longer duration of action than most other penicillins?
Penicillin G, Procain, Aqueous
What is the drug of choice for uncomplicated group A beta hemolytic streptococcal infections?
Penicillin V Potassium
What is used to teat penicillin G resistant staphylococci?
Dicloxacillin sodium
Dynapen
What is used to treat shigella, salmonella, e-coli and gonorrhea?
Ampicillin
Polycillin
Amoxicillin is preferred over Ampicillin due to it’s effectiveness to treat what?
Shiggella
Amoxicillin and Clavulante potassium are used to treat infections caused by what?
Bacteria
Cephalosporin C is an antimicrobial agent of what origin?
Fungal
What percentage of PTs allergic to penicillin may also be allergic to cephalosporin?
5-16%
Cephalosporin antibiotics are generally divided into how many generations?
3
What is a unique characteristic about third generation cephalosporin agents?
Much broader gram-negative spectrum
What was the first truly broad spectrum antibiotic?
Tetracycline
Introduced in 1948
What is tetracycline’s mechanism of action?
Blocking formation of polypeptides used in protein synthesis
What is the most common side effect of tetracyclines?
Gastrointestinal disturbances
Not indicated for children/pregnant women
Why should children and pregnant women not take tetracyclines?
Discolors teeth and depresses bone marrow growth
What should not be consumed while taking tetracyclines?
Milk
Antacids
What is given for rocky mounted spotted fever?
Tetracycline
When is tetracycline given around meal time?
1hr before
2hrs after
What is the method of action in aminoglycosides?
Inhibits protein synthesis
Define pharmacy
Preparation, dispensing and proper use of meds
When is neomycin sulfate used?
Skin infections/burns
Reduce intestinal flora pre surgery
What is used in patients w/ penicillin sensitivities?
Macrolides
What is the drug of choice when penicillin is contraindicated?
Erythromycin
What is a side effect of erythromycin?
Skin sunburns easily
What is the treatment for Vincent’s angina?
Hydrogen Peroxide
Treatment of choice for tinea pedis?
Undecyclenic acid
What accounts for the largest number of chronic disabling diseases?
Parasitic infections
What is prescribed, despite it’s toxicity, for scabies and ectoparasites?
Permethrin
Drug of choice for pin worms and round worms?
Mebendanzole
What is chloroquine phosphate used for?
Acute malarial attacks
What laxative is preferred by the x-ray dept?
Magnesium citrate
What laxative produces effect in 6hrs?
Dulcolax
What laxative takes up to 72hrs to produce it’s effect?
Metamucil
What drug is known as potassium sparing?
Triamterene
What drug is known as potassium depleting?
Hydrochlorothiazide
What medication is prescribed for PTs allergic to aspirin?
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
When is Motrin not recommended?
GI bleeding
Renal impairment
3rd trimester
When is Mobic contraindicated?
3rd trimester
What chapter of the MANMED sets for the control, custody and accountability for controlled substances?
Chpt 21
What CNS stimulant is used in conjunction w/ diet therapy for obesity?
Dexadrine
What is the drug of choice for petit mal epilepsy?
Phenobarbital
Luminal
What CNS depressant is used for short term treatment of insomnia?
Pentobarbital
The major medical use for opium has been for what?
Anti-peristaltic activity
What synthetic analgesic is not as effective as morphine in its analgesic properties?
Demerol
What are the 3 types of psychotherapeutic agents?
Major tranquilizers
Minor tranquilizers
Mood modifiers
What is considered a good all around tranquilizer?
Thioridazine
Mellaril
What is the drug of choice for schizophrenia?
Haldol
What is the drug of choice for status epilepticus?
Diazepam
Valium
In the US military, valium is also known as what?
CANA- Convulsive Antidote, Nerve Agent
Prozac can also be useful in treating what else?
Bulimia
OCD
What med is used for short term treatment of insomnia?
Ambien
Define toxic dose
Least amount of medication that will produce symptoms of poisoning
What skeletal muscle relaxant is prescribed in conjunction with physical therapy?
Flexeril
What term is used to describe the normal adult dose?
Therapeutic dose
What vitamin is necessary for carbohydrate metabolism?
Vitamin B1
Thiamine
Deficiency of what vitamin leads to diagnosis of beriberi?
Vitamin B1
Thiamine
What vitamin functions as a coenzyme necessary for tissue respiration?
Vitamin B2
Riboflavin
Deficiency of Vitamin B2 results in what?
Visual disturbances
Fatigue
What vitamin is used in the treatment of pellagra?
Vitamin B3
Niacin
What vitamin is used in conjunction of INH therapy?
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine hydrochloride)
What vitamin regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism?
Vitamin D
Deficiency of Vitamin D leads to what in adults/kids?
Adults: Asteomalacia
Kids: Rickets
What vitamin is necessary in preventing RBCs from being destroyed?
Vitamine E
Which fat soluble vitamin has many synthetic forms that are water soluble?
Vitamin K
What inhalation anesthesia is used in most operative procedures with patients of all ages?
Halothane
Fluothane
What drug is use for spinal anesthesia?
Procaine hydrochloride
Novocaine
What drug is the standard which all other anesthetics are compared?
Lidocaine hydrochloride (0.05g max /hr when used w/ epinephrine
What topical anesthetic is used for almost every ophthalmic procedure?
Proparacaine
Ophthectic, Ophthaine
What two factors affecting dosage?
Age (most common)
Weight
What oxytocic treats postpartum and post-abortal hemorrhage?
Ergonovine maleate
What has a more direct bearing on the dose than any otehr factor?
Weight
What instruction is referred to for immunizations?
BUMEDINST 6230.15
How is Hep A exposed?
Food/water
How is Hep B exposed?
Blood/bodily fluids
What causes acute febrile respiratory viral infections that cause epidemics within military populations?
Influenza A/B
Mode of transmission for MMR?
Respiratory
Person-to-person
Define metrology
Arithmetic of pharmacy
Study and science of weights and measures
What is the official system of weight and measures?
Metric system
What is the relationship of one quality to another of like value?
Ratio
What is the expression of equality of two ratios?
Proportion
Define elixirs
Aromatic, sweetened hydroalcholic solutions containing meds
Define suspensions
Course dispersions comprised of finely divided insoluble material suspended in a liquid medium
Define ointments
Semisolid, fatty or oily preparations of medicinal substances
What are the two types of balances?
Torsion
Electronic
All pharmacies are required to have how many of this Class A balance
One
What is the angle of taper within a ribbed funnel?
60*
What is the name of a glass container with metric measurements inscribed on it?
Erlenmeyer flask
What is used to reduce substances to fine powders?
Mortar and pestle
What is a knife-like utensil with a rounded, flexible, smoothly ground blade for transferring quantities?
Spatula
What is used to measure liquids volumetrically?
Graduates
Define immiscibility
Incapable of being mixed of two or more liquids
Define salting out
Precipitation due to change in solution that results in decreased solubility
Define eutexia
Liquification of solids mixed in a dry state
What is the other name of the Metric system?
International system of units
What are the prefixes for 10, 100, 1000?
Deca
Hecto
Kilo
What are the prefixes for 1, 01, 001?
Deci 1/10
Centi 1/100
Milli 1/1000
What should not follow metric symbols?
Period
What are the basic units of Apothercaries’ system?
Weight: grain “gr”
Volume: minim “m”
What are the basic units of weight in Avoirdupois system?
dram: 27.344 grains
ounce: 16 drams
pound: 16 ounces
?ml=1tsp
5ml=1tsp
?ml=1tbsp
15ml=1tbsp
?tbsp=1/2 fl oz
15ml=1/2 fl oz
What is the most important tool used by the pharmacy?
Prescription
What form is used for one medication order?
DD 1289
What form is used for multiple medication order?
NAVMED 6710/6
What is the max number of prescriptions that can be ordered on a NAVMED 6710/6?
4 superscription inscription subscription signa
What form are controlled meds ordered on?
DD 1289
How many parts are in the DD 1289?
4 parts
Define superscription
Take thou
Define inscription
Quantity of med
Define subscription
Directions to the compounder
Define signa
Directions to the patient
Verification of labels on meds occurs how many times when filling a prescription?
3 times
What symbol follows schedule 2-5 meds?
2: N
3-5: C
All prescriptions not filed separately are maintained in?
General files
How long are prescriptions required to be kept on file?
2 yrs
How man refills per schedule are allowed?
I- not acceptable for use
II- fill w/in 7 days
III- fill w/in 30 days
IV- 5 refills w/in 6 mon
How often is inventory of controlled substances conducted?
Quarterly
How many members are appointed to the CSIB by the CO?
3 members
Define pyrogens
Products of the growth of microorganisms
Young’s rule
Age in yrs/age in yrs +12 x normal adult dose
Clark’s rule
PT lbs/150 x adult dose
What is the lab form number?
SF 545
Where is a listing of SF forms found?
P-117
Alcohol pads contain what percentage of a solution?
70%
Which finger is the best to stick?
Middle or ring
Puncture perpendicular to grooves
How deep is a lancet puncture?
2mm
What is the preferred source of blood for clinical examination?
Venipuncture
Why is the first drop of blood wiped away from a finger stick?
Prevent sample dilution from tissue fluid
Proper tourniquet placement?
3-4” above site
What angle is a venipuncture needle inserted?
15-30*
When is tourniquet removed during venipuncture procedure?
When blood flows into tube
Max time a tourniquet can be left?
1 min
What color tube is best choice for routine chem tests?
Red top
What color tube is used for CBC?
Lavender
What additive is in green top tubes?
Heparin
What part of the microscope is the prepared specimen placed for examination?
Mechanical stage
What objective is used for a detailed history of stained bacterial smears?
Oil immersion
What are the 3 objectives/strengths on a microscope?
10x- low
40x- high
100x- oil immersion
Magnification of the ocular lens?
10x
What 5 tests are included in a CBC?
RBC count Hemoglobin determination Hematocrit calculation WBC count WBC differential
What 3 factors affect hemoglobin values?
Age
Sex
Altitude
Low RBC count means?
Anemia
Normal hemoglobin levels /100ml of blood?
M: 14-18
F: 12-16
Define hematocrit
Volume of erythrocytes expressed as a % of whole blood volume
Normal hematocrit values?
M: 42-52%
F: 37-47%
What is the normal WBC count?
4,800-10,800/mm^3
What term means high WBC count?
Leukocytosis
What term means low WBC count?
Leukopenia
What causes leukopenia?
Radiation
Anaphylactic shock
Viral infections
What part of the CBC is most indicative of the severity of an infection?
WBC differential
What are the 5 types of WBC?
Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Lymphocyte Monocyte
Define morphology
Study of the form and structure of organisms
What comprises the largest % of leukocytes?
Neutrophil
What leukocyte functions by ingesting bacteria?
Neutrophil
What leukocyte responds to parasitic infections and allergic reactions?
Eosinophils
What WBC has a large, scattered dark blue granules that are darker than the nucleus?
Basophils
Rise in basophils is indicative of what?
Inflammatory disorders
Leukemias
What WBC fights viral infections?
Lymphocyte
What WBC has a clear sky blue halo around the cytoplasm?
Lymphocyte
What is the term for bacteria that cause disease?
Pathogen
What WBC has bluish-gray cytoplasm and is the largest of the WBCs?
Monocyte
4 growth requirements for bacteria?
Temperature
Oxygen
Nutrition
Moisture
3 bacterial shapes?
Cocci- round
Rod- bacillus
Spiral- spirochete
What bacteria causes strep throat?
Streptococcus pyogenes
What bacteria causes bubonic plague?
Yersinia pestis
What is the name of a foreign body that causes a detectable reaction?
Antigen
What test is used to detect syphilis?
RPR
Monospot test for?
Mononucleosis
What is indicative of a pos RPR?
Black clumps on white background
Neg- gray
What is a positive monospot test look like?
Agglutination
clumping
Best urine specimen for screening?
Morning void
What is the desired urine amount for testing?
12ml
10-15 for children
What color urine will have bile present?
yellow or brown
What color urine will have Pyridium?
Dark orange
Normal specific gravity limits
1.015-1.030
If one drop of 2% acetic acid is added to urine it will dissolve what cells?
RBCs
What cell is not normally found in urine?
RBCs
What urine test result is indicative of uncontrolled diabetes?
Glucose and ketones in urine
What are the 2 methods of collecting blood?
Capillary
Venipuncture
When is venipuncture method selected?
Pediatric
Severely burned
ICU
What part of the microscope concentrates and focuses the light onto the specimen?
Condenser
What part of the microscope is located on the condenser to control the amount and angle of light?
Iris diaphragm
What usually causes leukocytosis?
Systemic or localized infections
Psychrophilic temp range
Cold loving
4*C
Mesophilic temp range
Body temp
35*C
Thermophilic temp range
42*C
Normal adult urine output?
600-2000ml
1500ml average
What causes urine to be yellow or brown but turn green when shaken?
Bile
WBC count for PT w/ acute infection
Above 50,000
What Hgb concentration indicates anemia?
Below 7
Specific gravity will be highest when?
Morning
What instrument is used to test specific gravity?
Refractometer
How long does it take for urine reagent strips to show results?
2min
What level of magnification is used to examine urine?
40x
What microscopic observation may indicate a urinary tract disease?
More than 3 WBC in high-powered field
Casts in a urine sample indicate what?
Kidney disorder
Urine will have albumin
Casts in urine indicate?
Albumin
