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A Level Government and Politics (Edexcel) > 14.1 - Core Ideas and Principles of Feminism > Flashcards

14.1 - Core Ideas and Principles of Feminism Flashcards

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1
Q

How many waves of feminism have existed since 1790?

A

4.

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2
Q

What were the waves of feminism, and when were they active?

A

First Wave - 1790s to 1950s (Liberal Feminism)
Second Wave - 1960s to 1980s (Liberal, Radical, Socialist)
Third Wave - 1990s to early 2000s (Postmodern, transfeminism)
Fourth Wave - early 2000s to date (Postmodern, Liberal, Radical, Trans)

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3
Q

How does feminism differentiate between sex and gender?

A

Sex - Biological differences between men and women.

Gender - Gender roles of men and women that are socially constructed.

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4
Q

What are the two main debates within feminism regarding sex?

A

Difference feminism vs. equality feminism
Transfeminism vs. Transfeminist sceptics

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5
Q

What do difference feminists argue about the differences between men and women?

A

The biological differences are important.

Belief in essentialism.

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6
Q

What is difference feminism?

A

Men and women are biologically and culturally different from men.

The differences need to be recognised and celebrated with women recognising they need to value their distinct gender characteristics.

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7
Q

What is essentialism?

A

The biological differences in men and women lead to differences in their fundamental natures.

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8
Q

What does transsexual mean?

A

People who’s gender identity differs from the biological sex that they were classified with at birth.

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9
Q

How does Germaine Greer weigh in on the trans debate?

A

Transgender women are ‘not women’.

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10
Q

How did Sheila Jeffreys weigh in on the trans debate?

A

Feminism should only be for ‘womyn-born-womyn’

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11
Q

How does Andrea Dworkin weigh in on the trans debate?

A

Sex is socially constructed.

The state should fund sex-change operations.

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12
Q

What are gender stereotypes?

A

Men’s and women’s roles are predetermined by society so they are socialised to behave in a certain way.

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13
Q

How did de Beauvoir think the biological differences between men and women had been employed in society?

A

The male-dominated state and society as a justification for predetermining the gender roles of women.

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14
Q

What is ‘otherness’?

A

Women are treated as an inferior minority who are subordinate to men in a patriarchal society.

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15
Q

How do Kate Millett and bell hooks think social construction begin?

A

In childhood due to the family unit.

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16
Q

What key ideology did first-wave feminism extend?

A

Classical liberalism.

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17
Q

What were the key texts for first-wave feminism?

A

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman - 1792 (Wollstonecraft)

Enfranchisement of Women - 1851 (Harriet Taylor Mill)

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18
Q

Why did first-wave feminism join to classical liberalism?

A

The ideas of negative freedom would allow them to be independent (vote, be economically active etc.)

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19
Q

What are the key texts of second-wave feminism?

A

The Feminine Mystique - 1963 (Betty Friedan)

The Female Eunuch - 1970 (Germaine Greer)

Woman’s Consciousness, Man’s World - 1973 (Sheila Rowbotham)

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20
Q

How did Liberal Second-Wave feminists think society could be improved?

A

The state should reform society and economy to allow female equality within the public sphere.

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21
Q

How did radical second-wave feminists think society could be improved?

A

The state is part of the problem, so there would need to be radical changes to both public and private sectors.

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22
Q

How did socialist second-wave feminists think society could be improved?

A

There would need to be revolution within a revolution. (Socialist revolution, but within a feminist revolution)

Capitalism and female oppression could both be solved through revolution.

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23
Q

What was the idea that united second-wave feminism?

A

Women are oppressed by men (the patriarchy).

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24
Q

How do liberal feminists think the patriarchy can be solved?

A

The patriarchy can be reformed by the state.

  • Female emancipation
  • Abortion
  • Marriage and divorce law changes
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25
Q

How do radical feminists think the patriarchy can be solved?

A

The patriarchy is too pervasive to be reformed, .˙., a revolution was needed.

26
Q

How did socialists feminists think the problem of patriarchy could be solved?

A

Female consciousness is created by men as part of the capitalist machine.

To remove the consciousness, a socialist revolution is needed.

27
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Treating a group or individual less favourably than another.

Women are treated less favourably than men according to feminists.

28
Q

What did Sylvia Walby identify as the overlapping patriarchal structures that promoted discrimination?

A
  • The state
  • The household
  • Violence
  • Paid Work
  • Sexuality
  • Culture
29
Q

According to Walby, how was discrimination promoted by the state?

A

Women are underrepresented in power.

30
Q

According to Walby, how was discrimination promoted by the household?

A

Society conditions women to believe that their natural role is as a mother or homemaker.

31
Q

According to Walby, how was discrimination promoted by violence?

A

One in four women (in the UK) suffer domestic violence from men.

32
Q

According to Walby, how was discrimination promoted by paid work?

A

Women are often underpaid when being in the same roles as men.

Stereotypically female careers tend to be linked to gender stereotypes of nurturing (nursing, teaching etc.)

33
Q

According to Walby, how was discrimination promoted by sexuality?

A

Women are often made to feel that their sexual feelings are wrong or deviant.

34
Q

According to Walby, how was discrimination promoted by culture?

A

Society reinforces the roles of women (particularly in looks)

Most media contains the male fantasy for women which pressures women to look like they see.

35
Q

What is misogyny?

A

A dislike and contempt for women

36
Q

Why did bell hooks disagree with previous waves of feminism?

A

She felt they were too focused on white middle-class women as other women had been neglected by feminism.

37
Q

What is the public sphere?

A

The visible area of society where relationships are public, such as the workplace and civic life.

38
Q

What is the private sphere?

A

The area of society where relationships are seen as private.

39
Q

What sphere of society do liberal feminists focus on?

A

The public sphere.

40
Q

How do liberal feminists focus on the public sphere of society?

A

Desire for equal pay.
Improvement of workplace conditions.

41
Q

Why do liberal feminists choose to not focus on the private sphere?

A

The private life of women is outside the remit of political analysis.

42
Q

What sphere of life do radical feminists focus on?

A

Both public and private.

43
Q

Why do radical feminists disagree with liberal feminists on the private sphere?

A

‘The personal is the political’

.˙. the private sphere should be focused on.

44
Q

When do equality feminists think gender stereotyping starts?

A

Infancy.

45
Q

How do equality feminists think gender stereotyping starts?

A

The exploitative nature of domestic roles.

Gender specific:
* Clothes
* Toys
* etc.

46
Q

What were Millett’s main points on family?

A
  • Patriarchy granted men ownership over their wives.
  • Family socialised the young - masculing authority, female marginalisation.
  • Women take husband’s surname to lose identity.
47
Q

What did Millett believe about the family?

A

It is a social construct.

48
Q

What are the two main categories to file other aspects of feminism into?

A

Equality
Difference

49
Q

What category do the majority of feminists fall into?

A

Equality

50
Q

What is equality feminism?

A

The belief that biological differences between the sexes are inconsequential.

51
Q

What is difference feminism?

A

The belief that biological differences between the sexes are consequential.

52
Q

Why did de Beauvoir dismiss the idea of innate female characteristics?

A

They are a ‘myth invented by men to confine women to their oppressed state’.

53
Q

What did de Beauvoir think would enable women to compete with men in society?

A

Contraceptives
Abortion
Rejection of Family
Non-monogamy

54
Q

Where can difference feminism first be traced back to?

A

First-wave feminists.

55
Q

When did difference feminism see a comeback in modern (ish) times?

A

1980s.

Carol Gilligan arguing that sex was one of the most important determinants of human nature.

56
Q

Why did Gilligan think sex was important as a determinant?

A

Women are more naturally nurturing, caring and communal than men.

57
Q

Why did Gilligan think equality feminism was eroding womens natural natures?

A

Women attempted to replicate male behaviour while neglecting their own feminine natures.

58
Q

What is cultural feminism?

A

A radical version of difference feminism that challenges the dominance of male culture by promoting female values.

59
Q

How do critics argue against cultural feminism?

A

It is simply inverted sexism.

If the patriarchy is indefensible, then the matriarchy is similarly so.

60
Q

What is intersectionality?

A

Women have multiple and overlapping identities as well as gender:
* Race
* Age
* Class
* Sexuality
* Religion

61
Q

What are the core principles of feminism?

A

Sex and Gender
Patriarchy
The Personal is Political (hmm..)
The State
Culture

62
Q

What are the six structures of patriarchy?

A

Culture
State
Household
Violence
Paid Work
Sexuality

A Level Government and Politics (Edexcel) (74 decks)

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