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A Level Government and Politics (Edexcel) > 11.5 - Socialism Key Thinkers > Flashcards

11.5 - Socialism Key Thinkers Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Marx and Engels place central to socialism?

A

Concepts of social class.

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2
Q

How can the best nature of human nature be expressed according to Marx?

A

Through a Communist society.

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3
Q

What are the three key elements to Marxism?

A

Historical Materialism
Dialectical Change
Class Consciousness

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4
Q

What happens to the individuals in a materialistic society?

A

The individual cannot realise his or her full potential, if private property and class differences are eliminated, they can become a fully rounded individual.

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5
Q

Where were Marx and Engels from?

A

Germany

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6
Q

What class did Marx and Engels belong to?

A

Middle class

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7
Q

What were Marx’s and Engels main books?

A

The Communist Manifesto (1848)
Das Kapital (1867)

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8
Q

What problem did Marx and Engels run into?

A

Working class people don’t have the time to learn manifestos and read books, so their target audience was difficult to effectively target.

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9
Q

What main section of Marxism did Webb disagree with?

A

Class struggle

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10
Q

How did Webb envisage a socialist society coming about?

A

Through democratic means - evolutionary socialism.

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11
Q

What was Webb’s main book?

A

A Constitution for the Socialist Commonwealth of Great Britain.

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12
Q

Why did Webb reject direct democracy?

A

She felt the average voter was not well enough informed to make decisions.

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13
Q

Why did Webb prefer representative democracy?

A

She felt a skilled governing class could be relied upon to persue socialist ideals.

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14
Q

How did Webb feel a socialist state could be delivered?

A

Vastly expanding the state.

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15
Q

What was key to the socialist goals of Webb?

A

Central planning of the economy.

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16
Q

What did Webb think of Stalinist Russia?

A

Initially liked it as she felt its level of planning was in the public interest rather than motivated by profit.

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17
Q

What class did Webb belong to?

A

Middle Class

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18
Q

Where was Webb from?

A

England

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19
Q

How did Luxembourg disagree with evolutionary socialism?

A

She rejected it as it left capitalism intact and she required a complete workers control and a complete overthrow of the capitalist system.

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20
Q

What was Luxembourg’s book?

A

Social Reform or Revolution

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21
Q

Why did Luxembourg think capitalism was doomed?

A

Eventually, it will run out of markets and territories to exploit so any attempts to work around it will simply prolong its life.

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22
Q

What did Luxembourg think of class conciousness and struggle?

A

It was essential for the proletariat to revolt.

23
Q

How did Luxembourg disagree with Lenin?

A

She felt that small, rigidly centralised groups were not necessary to overthrow capitalism.

24
Q

How did Luxembourg theorise a group could overthrow capitalism?

A

Through popular revolution.

25
Q

What was the Politburo?

A

Marxist / Leninist idea that a small group of leaders were necessary to complete a revolution.

26
Q

What was Crosland’s book?

A

The Future of Socialism

27
Q

Why did Crosland argue Marx was incorrect?

A

Capitalism had fundamentally changed since the days of Marx.

28
Q

Why did Crosland think the appetite for revolution no longer existed?

A

There was now a welfare state, trade unions and nationalised industries.

29
Q

What did Crosland think socialism should concern itself with?

A
  • Economic efficiency
  • Communitarianism
  • Social Justice
  • Rewards for individual responsibility as well as talents and abilities
30
Q

What economic theory did Crosland subscribe to?

A

Keynesian economics.

31
Q

How did Crosland want to change the education system?

A

Wanted to expand the comprehensive school system by destroying grammar schools and increasing access to higher education.

32
Q

Why did Giddens think social democrats need to change?

A

The free market had to be embraced as entrepreneurship and capitalism can be harnessed for all.

33
Q

What was Giddens’ book?

A

The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy

34
Q

What did Giddens think the state should focus investment on?

A

Infrastructure of society
(education, training, healthcare etc.)

35
Q

What is the Marxist view on human nature?

A

Humans are naturally altruistic.

Capitalism instils humans with a false sense of values.

36
Q

What is Luxembourg’s view on human nature?

A

Humans had been damaged by capitalism.

Humans are certainly not perfect, and democracy is necessary to prevent tyranny.

37
Q

What is Webb’s view on human nature?

A

Capitalism had damaged the human psyche.

Webb believed in intellectual and moral human imperfection, particularly of the working class.

38
Q

What is Crosland’s view on human nature?

A

Human nature is innately fair.

Inequalities of outcome hinder collective human progress.

39
Q

What is Giddens’ view on human nature?

A

Human nature is shaped by socio-economic conditions.

Humans as individual and collective creatures.

40
Q

What the Marxist view on the state?

A

Capitalism must be destroyed through revolution.

The state will be temporarily replaced by the dictatorship of the proletariat that will wither away when communism is established.

41
Q

What is Luxemburg’s view on the state?

A

Capitalism should be destroyed by revolution and replaced by genuine democracy.

42
Q

What is Webb’s view on the state?

A

The state should be used to create a socialist society.

This would be achieved via universal suffrage over a gradual time frame.

43
Q

What is Crosland’s view on the state?

A

The state should be managed by ‘meritocratic managers’ and ‘classless technocrats’.

44
Q

What is Giddens’ view on the state?

A

The state should invest in social investment and infrastructure but refrain from economic and social engineering.

45
Q

What the Marxist view on society?

A

Capitalism corrupts society and the elite oppress the working class, creating a class conflict.

A communist society is completely equal with absolute societal harmony.

46
Q

What is Luxemburg’s view on society?

A

Capitalism corrupts society and the elite oppress the working class.

A democratic communist society will provide absolute equality and social harmony.

47
Q

What is Webb’s view on society?

A

Society under socialist state management will eventually produce an equality of outcome.

48
Q

What is Crosland’s view on society?

A

State management will affect societal change and create social justice and equality of welfare.

49
Q

What is Giddens’ view on society?

A

Society will embrace equality of opportunity and communal responsibility instead of a class conflict.

50
Q

What is the Marxist view on the economy?

A

Capitalism is both corrupt and inefficient.

It should be replaced by an economy where resources are collectively owned and distributed according to need.

51
Q

What is Luxemburg’s view on the economy?

A

Historical materialism is flawed as capitalism does not need to ‘reach a final stage’ before it can be abolished.

52
Q

What is Webb’s view on the economy?

A

The free-market economy would be gradually nationalised as workers obtain common ownership over the means of production.

53
Q

What is Crosland’s view on the economy?

A

Rejection of Webb’s gradualism.

Mixed economy following Keynesian economics.

Capitalism had been largely reformed of its most exploitative tendencies.

54
Q

What is Giddens’ view on the economy?

A

A neo-liberal economy under free market principles is more efficient than all socialist economic models.

Tax revenues they generate finance greater equality of opportunity.

A Level Government and Politics (Edexcel) (74 decks)

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