1.4 Socio economic issues with urbanisation Flashcards
What is economic inequality
The difference in levels of economic wellbeing/disparity
What is social inequality
The different levels of social status, usually due to positionalility factors and wealth
What are the 3 main causes of social segregation
- Wealth in housing
- Changing environments
- Ethnic dimension (cultural diversity)
How does wealth drive social segregation
Houses are usually built with rich people in mind, and poor people end up having less choice and are forced into the same area
People in temporary housing don’t feel like they belong. They also remain stuck in the cycle of poverty, poor housing, poor schools, poor work opportunity etc.
Why is cultural diversity usually higher in cities
- Being first point of entry
- Greater employment opportunities
- Tolerant population
- Diaspora’s can easily find a community
What are the advantages of cultural diversity
- Greater exposure to new cultures, food etc
- Cultural events create economic opportunity
What are the disadvantages of cultural diversity
- Greater strain on urban services (schools, hospitals) 19% of UK schools speak English as a second language , but at English Martyre school, 83% of them do
- Social segregation (Self and external)
What is the difference between self and external segregation
Self is when people choose to live in their community due to the support and specialist families.
External is when people are forced to live in communities due to economic and racist reasons
Give an example of a city with lots of socio economic exclusion
London
Over 300 languages are spoken here and it is ranked one of the world’s most tolerant cities, yet most of its exclusion is economic
16% are in the poorest national tenth, while 17% are in the top sector. Some people pay for private education while some can barely afford the bus. Poor residents are 2x more likely to die from respiratory issues
Give an example of an event caused by socio economic exclusion with context
The English riots 2011
Protests began in Tottenham London, when a teenage boy was unlawfully shot by a police officer, due to racial discrimination. Riots broke out across the UK causing
5 deaths
£200 million in damages
4000 arrests
How can we measure poverty and inequality (qualitative and quantitative)
The UK index of multiple deprivation ranks over 32,000 UK neighbourhoods based on the 7 main categories of…
- Income and employment
- Health, Education, Crime and Housing
- Living environment
The 10 most deprived areas are cities, geographically north and have suffered de-industralisaiton
Name 4 strategies which can be used to reduce poverty and inequality
- Enforce a living wage
- Access to affordable housing
- Legislation - Equal rights act of 1968
- Provisions of waste
- Provisions of public transport
Give an example of enforcing a living wage
London raised the living minimum wage to £9.75 in 2005, and has since lifted 10,000 families out of poverty
Give an example of access to affordable housing in HIC’s
Right to buy scheme
One pound house
Give an example of affordable housing schemes in LIC’s
Caracas Superblocks
Brasillia
Self help schemes
Give case specific detail for the Caracas super blocks
Caracas is full of rancheros, with high crime rates and poor infrastructure
They built 97 blocks, 15 storeys high with aims of rehousing 180,000 people. However, they were poorly constructed, so people moved back to the rancheros
Give case specific detail for Brasilia
Make capital in 1960 to reduce the population and slums of RIO. The city now has population over 4 million, but once again has developed slums
This highlights how important it is, to have schemes put in place for the long term, because building over the problem, will not stop it.
Give case specific detail for Self help schemes
Self help is the idea that if people improve their homes, they will be granted legal residence, such as in Manilla
5 years after the scheme began, 97% of people had improved their homes, with some even building new ones
Give case specific detail for the provision of a public transport
In RIO, they added a cable car service, so people from poor areas were able to reach better schools, work and hospitals
12,000 people use it every day (free ticket a day)
It connects 6 hilltops over 3.5km
Give case specific detail for the provision of waste and services
Sunny money (safer, can get education)
Pee poo plan, Kenya (stops flying toilets, sell for money, plant for crops)
How many people globally live in slums
Over 900 million people
Give case specific detail for the provision of public transport in HIC’s
The M25 is used by 200,000 cars every day and is 117 miles long
