1.1 Patterns of Urbanisation

Question 1

What are the general trends in Urbanisation for 2050

Answer 1

1. North America is most Urban at 82%
2. Largest growth from China, India and Nigeria (37% of global growth)
3. There will be 14 more megacities

Question 2

What are the main 2 causes of urban growth

Answer 2

Natural increase - birth rate is higher than the death rate

Rural to Urban Migration - due to push and pull factors

Question 3

Give examples of push and pull factors

Answer 3

Disease, Poor services, Conflict

Employment in informal work
Good services , schools and healthcare
Media perception

Question 4

What are the 5 main consequences of urbanisation

Answer 4

1. Lack of affordable housing
2. Transport issues (pollution)
3. Shortage of affordable housing
4. Lack of waste and other services
5. Unemployment and Underemployment

Question 5

What is a contemporary urban process

Answer 5

A period of initial urbanisation where new settlements start to grow

Question 6

Identify 4 contemporary urban processes

Answer 6

1. Urban Sprawl
2. Counter-Urbanisation
3. Suburbanisation
4. Urban resurgence

Question 7

What is urban sprawl

Answer 7

The spreading of an urban area into the surrounding countryside

Question 8

What is Counter-Urbanisation

Answer 8

The movement of people from urban areas to rural areas

Question 9

What is Suburbanisation

Answer 9

The outward growth of urban development engulfing surrounding areas

Question 10

Why does Counter-urbanisation, suburbanisation and urban sprawl happen

Answer 10

Rural areas are seen as
1. Safer
2. Less polluted and more green
3. Having larger houses
4. Having better schools

Question 11

Why is Counter-urbanisation, suburbanisation and urban sprawl increasingly happening

Answer 11

1. Technological advancements such as cars and working from home, better public transport etc
2. Decentralisation means they have everything they need

Question 12

What is some evidence that Counter-urbanisation, suburbanisation and urban sprawl exists

Answer 12

1. Increased housing value
2. Construction of new housing and conversions (barns)
3. Increased transport
4. Destruction of greenbelt land

Question 13

What are the disadvantages of Counter-urbanisation, suburbanisation and urban sprawl

Answer 13

1. Old businesses close down
2. People out priced of an area
3. Villages become ghost towns
4. Social segregation (hostile)
5. Impact on water quality
6. Destruction of habitats

Question 14

What are the advantages of Counter-urbanisation, suburbanisation and urban sprawl

Answer 14

1. Can create new shops and businesses
2. Increases housing value
3. Run down areas can become improved

Question 15

Give some physical characteristics of a suburban area

Answer 15

Wide roads, new buildings, clean, lots off greenery

Question 16

Give an example of a suburban area which is like a ghost town with case specific detail

Answer 16

Dickens heath in located in the Solihull Metropolitan area, with a population of over 4,000 people. It fell victim to urban sprawl, and white homes here cost 50k more than Shirley, it is like a ghost town during the day, with bad transport links

Question 17

What is urban resurgence

Answer 17

Urban resurgence involves improving the social, environmental and economic characteristics of an urban area, which has once suffered decline

Question 18

What is De-industrialisation and when did it happen in the UK

Answer 18

De-industrialisation is a decline in industrial work which happened in the 1970’s

Question 19

Why did De-industrialisation happen

Answer 19

1. Mechanization
2. Overseas competition
3. Reduced demand

Question 20

What are the 2 main government urban resurgence policies in the UK

Answer 20

UDC
City challenge

Question 21

What is the UDC

Answer 21

A non-department public body with aims to regenerate run down areas with private investment

Question 22

Give an example of a place which used a UDC

Answer 22

The London Docklands

Question 23

When did the London docklands decline and what were the consequences

Answer 23

It was one of the world’s largest ports, but declined in the 1980’s

30,000 jobs lost

20% population decline
36% unskilled workers
40% of 16 year olds still in school

1000 hectares of derelict land

Question 24

What were the aims and investment put in by the LDDC

Answer 24

£380 million investment to improve social, economic and environmental aspects

Question 25

What were the improvements made by the LDDC

Answer 25

63,000 jobs created (enterprise zone)
20,000 homes built

£30 million spent on improving older generations skill set
East London University campus

600 hectares of land recalimed

Question 26

What is city challenge

Answer 26

When cities work with their communities to create a redevelopment scheme which was then submitted to the government

Question 27

Give an example of a place which used city challenge

Answer 27

Hulme, Manchester

Question 28

When did Hulme decline and what were the consequences

Answer 28

Declined in the 1970’s due to the fall of the textile industry

95% of dwellings council owned
60% of people on benefits

30x more likely to be murdered here than anywhere else
High unemployment, single parents, homeless and mental health issues

Question 29

When and what was the failed regeneration of Hulme

Answer 29

In 1960, 4 large crescent blocks were built connected via deck access

Question 30

What were the aims and investment put in by the Hulme city challenge

Answer 30

£37.5 million invested to improve social, economic and environmental aspects

Question 31

What were the improvements made by Hulme city challenge

Answer 31

3,000 new homes planned after demolishing the deck access

Built local schools, parks and ASDA
Zion arts complex and Moss side sports

£1.3 million on Hulme arch

Question 32

What are some disadvantages of urban resurgence

Answer 32

1. Strain on urban infrastructure
2. Gentrification