1.1 Patterns of Urbanisation Flashcards
What are the general trends in Urbanisation for 2050
- North America is most Urban at 82%
- Largest growth from China, India and Nigeria (37% of global growth)
- There will be 14 more megacities
What are the main 2 causes of urban growth
Natural increase - birth rate is higher than the death rate
Rural to Urban Migration - due to push and pull factors
Give examples of push and pull factors
Disease, Poor services, Conflict
Employment in informal work
Good services , schools and healthcare
Media perception
What are the 5 main consequences of urbanisation
- Lack of affordable housing
- Transport issues (pollution)
- Shortage of affordable housing
- Lack of waste and other services
- Unemployment and Underemployment
What is a contemporary urban process
A period of initial urbanisation where new settlements start to grow
Identify 4 contemporary urban processes
- Urban Sprawl
- Counter-Urbanisation
- Suburbanisation
- Urban resurgence
What is urban sprawl
The spreading of an urban area into the surrounding countryside
What is Counter-Urbanisation
The movement of people from urban areas to rural areas
What is Suburbanisation
The outward growth of urban development engulfing surrounding areas
Why does Counter-urbanisation, suburbanisation and urban sprawl happen
Rural areas are seen as
1. Safer
2. Less polluted and more green
3. Having larger houses
4. Having better schools
Why is Counter-urbanisation, suburbanisation and urban sprawl increasingly happening
- Technological advancements such as cars and working from home, better public transport etc
- Decentralisation means they have everything they need
What is some evidence that Counter-urbanisation, suburbanisation and urban sprawl exists
- Increased housing value
- Construction of new housing and conversions (barns)
- Increased transport
- Destruction of greenbelt land
What are the disadvantages of Counter-urbanisation, suburbanisation and urban sprawl
- Old businesses close down
- People out priced of an area
- Villages become ghost towns
- Social segregation (hostile)
- Impact on water quality
- Destruction of habitats
What are the advantages of Counter-urbanisation, suburbanisation and urban sprawl
- Can create new shops and businesses
- Increases housing value
- Run down areas can become improved
Give some physical characteristics of a suburban area
Wide roads, new buildings, clean, lots off greenery
Give an example of a suburban area which is like a ghost town with case specific detail
Dickens heath in located in the Solihull Metropolitan area, with a population of over 4,000 people. It fell victim to urban sprawl, and white homes here cost 50k more than Shirley, it is like a ghost town during the day, with bad transport links
What is urban resurgence
Urban resurgence involves improving the social, environmental and economic characteristics of an urban area, which has once suffered decline
What is De-industrialisation and when did it happen in the UK
De-industrialisation is a decline in industrial work which happened in the 1970’s
Why did De-industrialisation happen
- Mechanization
- Overseas competition
- Reduced demand
What are the 2 main government urban resurgence policies in the UK
UDC
City challenge
What is the UDC
A non-department public body with aims to regenerate run down areas with private investment
Give an example of a place which used a UDC
The London Docklands
When did the London docklands decline and what were the consequences
It was one of the world’s largest ports, but declined in the 1980’s
30,000 jobs lost
20% population decline
36% unskilled workers
40% of 16 year olds still in school
1000 hectares of derelict land
What were the aims and investment put in by the LDDC
£380 million investment to improve social, economic and environmental aspects
What were the improvements made by the LDDC
63,000 jobs created (enterprise zone)
20,000 homes built
£30 million spent on improving older generations skill set
East London University campus
600 hectares of land recalimed
What is city challenge
When cities work with their communities to create a redevelopment scheme which was then submitted to the government
Give an example of a place which used city challenge
Hulme, Manchester
When did Hulme decline and what were the consequences
Declined in the 1970’s due to the fall of the textile industry
95% of dwellings council owned
60% of people on benefits
30x more likely to be murdered here than anywhere else
High unemployment, single parents, homeless and mental health issues
When and what was the failed regeneration of Hulme
In 1960, 4 large crescent blocks were built connected via deck access
What were the aims and investment put in by the Hulme city challenge
£37.5 million invested to improve social, economic and environmental aspects
What were the improvements made by Hulme city challenge
3,000 new homes planned after demolishing the deck access
Built local schools, parks and ASDA
Zion arts complex and Moss side sports
£1.3 million on Hulme arch
What are some disadvantages of urban resurgence
- Strain on urban infrastructure
- Gentrification
