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AQA A-level Physical Education Year 2 > 13.8: The Role Of Technology In Physical Activity And Sport > Flashcards

13.8: The Role Of Technology In Physical Activity And Sport Flashcards

1
Q

Research definition:

A
  • a systematic process of investigation and study carried out with the aim of advancing knowledge.
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2
Q

Sports analytics definition:

A
  • the analysis of sports data using analytical tools and methods for data to be subjected to analytical procedures in order to try to improve results.
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3
Q

What is quantitative data?

A
  • data which can be written down or measured precisely and numerically.
  • quantitative research is a formal and systematic process used to gain quantitative data.
  • e.g. factual information and numerical data.
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4
Q

What is qualitative data?

A
  • data which is descriptive and looks at the way people think or feel; it is sometimes less precise and potentially less meaningful than qualitative data.
  • it can also be very time-consuming to collect and analyse such data.
  • thoughts, feelings and emotions.
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5
Q

What is objective data?

A
  • fact based information which is measurable and usable (e.g. the level achieved on the multistage fitness test which links to a VO2 max score.
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6
Q

What is subjective data?

A
  • data based in personal opinion which is less measurable and often less usable.
  • based on personal opinions, assumptions, interpretations, emotions and beliefs.
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7
Q

What is validity?

A
  • an indication of whether the data collected actually measures what it clams to measure.
  • refers to thr degree to which the data collected actually measure what it claims to measure.
  • does the data collected measure exactly what it sets out to do.
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8
Q

What is reliability?

A
  • refers to the degree to which data collection is consistent and stable over time.
  • reliability can be one researcher conducting the same test on the same individual on a number of occasions and getting the same or very similar results.
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9
Q

Can reliability be affected?

A
  • yes, if researchers do not know how to use the equipment properly, poorly maintained equipment, different conditions.
  • if data collected is not valid, there is little or no point in discussing reliability because data validity is required before reliability can be considered in any reasonable way.
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10
Q

Video motion analysis definition:

A
  • a technique used to get information about moving objects from video.
  • involves a high speed camera and a computer with software allowing frame by frame playback of the footage.
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11
Q

Why are video motion analysis programmes used?

A
  • coaches and athletes are using video, DVD or digital technology as a medium more frequently to analyse individual techniques as well as team performances.
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12
Q

Notational match analysis definition:

A
  • used to record aspects of individual or team performance
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13
Q

Performance analysis (PA) definition:

A
  • the provision of objective feedback to a performer who is trying to get a positive change in performance.
  • feedback can be gained in a variety of performance indicators including: the number of passes made, pass completion success rate, distance run (covered) in km, number of shots attempted, number of shots on target etc.
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14
Q

Indirect calorimetry:

A
  • the measurement of the amount of heat/energy generate in an oxidation reaction by determining the intake or consumption of oxygen by measure it the amount of carbon dioxide released and translating these quantities into a heat equivalent.
  • ‘the amount of energy you expend’
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15
Q

Metabolic part definition:

A
  • a device which works by attaching headgear to a subject while they breathe a specific amount of oxygen over a period of time.
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16
Q

Calorimetry definition:

A
  • measurement of the heat/energy eliminated or stored in any system.
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17
Q

REE (resting energy expenditure) definition:

A
  • the amount of energy, usually expressed in kuala required for a 24 hour period by the body during rest.
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18
Q

How does indirect calorimetry and the use of a metabolic cart help individuals?

A
  • to calculate their energy expenditure which allows determination of nutritional requirements/caloric needs.
  • to determine their energy expenditure and response to nutrition over time.
  • who is classified/potentially classified as obese.
  • in the calculation of their REE which helps medical staff determine the amount of food and nutrition needed.
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19
Q

What are possible difficulties of using indirect calorimetry via a metabolic cart?

A
  • difficult to use on children
  • processes actually measures consumption, not needs
  • L: leakage (inaccuracies) from air leak
  • O: overfeeding/under feeding may occur based on results received.
  • S: single snapshots are worse than ‘average results/studies’ over a longer period of time.
  • E: errors in taking measurements/recording errors.
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20
Q

Software and hardware definition:

A
  • computer software is any set of machine readable instructions which direct a computer’s processor to perform specific operations.
  • computer hardware is the physical component of computers.
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21
Q

GPS definition:

A
  • a space based navigation system that provides location and time information.
22
Q

Why are GPS and motion tracking software and hardware used?

A
  • these systems give coaches a vast amount of information immediately at the touch if a button on a computer. They track the speed, distance and direction of individuals being monitored. They can also measure a player’s HR, pace , recovery time and the amount of dynamic acceleration.
  • in high contact sports (e.g. rugby) it can measure the amount of ‘G’ forces.
  • it can help coaches to make objective decisions about possible replacements and substitutes and can help to decrease injury as they can help gauge a performer’s fatigue level.
23
Q

Why do clubs use GPS technology?

A
  • makes better use of training time /ensures training meets game demands
  • improves the tactical analysis undertaken by club.
  • helps a coach to compare player performance and potentially ‘pick up the best player’ for the team based on GPS data.
  • helps to get injured players successfully through rehab at a faster rate.
  • non-elites: strata, map my run.
24
Q

Data integrity definition:

A
  • maintaining and ensuring the accuracy and consistency of stored data over its entire lifetime.
25
Q

Data integrity using sports analytics definition:

A
  • refers to the validity of data (i.e. its relevance/meaningfulness
26
Q

How can data integrity be compromised?

A
  • human error when data is entered
  • errors occur when data is transmitted from one computer to another
  • software bugs or viruses
  • hardware malfunction such as disk crashes.
27
Q

What are ways to minimise threats to data integrity?

A
  • regularly backing up data
  • controlling access to data and protecting against malicious intent via security mechanisms.
  • designing interfaces which prevent the input of invalid data, taking care when entering data.
  • using error detection and correction software when transmitting data.
  • not leaving a composter unattended for anyone to access.
28
Q

Uses of analytics in the monitoring of fitness:

A
  • smart wearable fitness and sports devices: device worn or attached to a performer’s body to provide instant feedback.
  • gain information to help in monitoring fitness for performance- amateur and elite.
29
Q

Use of analytics in injury prevention

A
  • vibration training and electrostimulation
30
Q

What is vibration training?

A
  • vibration training therapy is also known as whole body vibration (WBV) and an example of its usage involves the use of vibration plates to induce exercise effects in the body.
  • it can be used for recovery, injury prevention and rehabilitation.
31
Q

What are the benefits of vibration training?

A
  • improving bone density
  • increasing muscle mass/muscle power
  • improved circulation
  • reducing joint pain
  • reducing back pain
  • alleviating stress
  • boosting metabolism
  • an overall reduction in pain/DOMS
  • maintenance of cartilage integrity where weight bearing activities are difficult to undertake.
32
Q

What is electrostimulation?

A
  • the production of muscle contraction using electrical impulses
33
Q

How does electrostimulation work?

A
  • it works by providing a gentle electrocution of muscles to stimulate them.
  • Reproduces what an individual’s brain does to the nerves and muscles when they are voluntarily contracted. The only difference is the electrodes which are attached to a persons skin, send small shocks or impulses to the muscles without affecting the CNS or the brain.
34
Q

What are the benefits of electrostimulation?

A
  • an increase in strength and power
  • increased recovery time from training by expelling the lactic acid after a workout is over
  • it can also stimulate the muscles
  • promoting blood flow during a warm up
35
Q

Why is electrostimulation used in physical therapy (rehabilitation)?

A
  • helping to prevent muscle atrophy which can occur from disuse, e.g. after musculoskeletal injuries where damage to Jews, muscles, joints, ligaments and tendons occur.
  • helps prepare for competitions an aid to develop strength through the ability to train harder.
  • like any other electrical device, it is important not to overuse E/S as long term exposure is views as highly ineffective.
  • saturation is indeed possible and if an individual’s muscles gets stimulated for too long, they can get exhausted and stop contracting.
  • therefore, the use of E/S needs to be carefully planned and integrated into a training programme in order for it to be an important training aid.
36
Q

How does electrostimulation aid in the prevention of injuries?

A
  • by strengthening and toning the muscles to help prevent injury (e.g. it can strengthen the muscle groups of the legs to give stability and help prevent injury or recurring injuries to the knees and ankle)
  • by helping to prevent losses in fitness levels via application to specific muscle groups which maintains muscles tone during periods of inactivity.
  • by assisting un rehabilitation through the gradual strengthening of injured or weakened muscles via small incremental increases in workload on the muscles (e.g. including stronger muscular contractions) as part of rehab.
  • by helping to get rid of lactic acid after a training session or competition, as well as decreasing muscle tension and potential injury by providing a relaxing effect to muscles.
37
Q

Use of analytics in game analysis:

A

-

38
Q

…

A
39
Q

Use of analytics in talent ID/scouting:

A
40
Q

Adapted equipment for the elderly:

A
  • finger extension exerciser : hand and wrist movements
  • low impact pedal exercise machine
  • exercise balance beam: improve balance
  • helps elderly individuals confined to wheelchairs to be mobile like wheelchair athletes.
41
Q

Adapted equipment for the disabled:

A
  • throwing framed for the shot put and discus
  • lightweight wheelchairs for basketball and tennis
  • heavy wheelchairs with foot protection and strong frames - e.g. rugby
    + racing chairs designed with bucket seats - precision steering helping balance.
42
Q

Facilities:

A
  • ‘places, people, play’ - aims to deliver Olympics legacy promise to increase sports participation. ‘Iconic facilities’ fund directs funds into facility projects designed to urease mass participation across England.
  • best practice is based on high quality, long term sustainability.
  • 3G surfaces - similar to natural grass.
  • allows wide variety of sports, played all year round.
  • issues can be in football: it doesn’t reflect the true bounce of grass, more joint or ligament injured.
  • MUGAs
43
Q

What are the positives of the role of technology on the sport?

A
  • focus on marginal gains
  • development of certain clothing helps winning in cycling
  • development of lightweight wheelchairs and adapted equipment, prosthetic limbs helps participation.
  • quality of surfaces
  • GPS can monitor short term and long term data of performance.
44
Q

What are the negatives of the role of technology on the sport?

A
  • data can be misleading
  • expensive: only wealthiest countries have access
  • players and coaches may come too reliant on data
  • placebo effect: increasing player’s confidence.
45
Q

What are the positives of the role of technology on performer?

A
  • improved clothing and footwear
  • improved sports equipment
  • improved protective equipment.
  • improved recovery from training and injuries
  • GPS detailed data on performers provide meaningful feedback to them and coaches
  • increased knowledge if diet and sports supplements
  • increased drug testing
  • improved sleep enabling appropriate rest and recovery from training.
46
Q

What are the negatives of the role of technology on sport?

A
  • injury or over aggression
  • cheating
  • expensive and unaffordable
  • availability of technological advancements aiding performance may be dependent on individual or team sponsor - team sky.
47
Q

What are the negatives of the role of technology on the coach?

A
  • provides a detailed analysis of players for the coach.
  • tactically, technically and physiologically analysing player performance
  • e.g. Dartfish and prozone
  • helps a coach make more focused training programmes improving weaknesses flagged.
48
Q

What are the negatives of the role of technology on the coach?

A
  • over-emphasis on performance analysis data
  • computers open to hacking - data leak - weak links passed onto opposition.
49
Q

What are the positives of the role of technology on the audience/spectators?

A
  • helps officials make the right decisions
  • helps officials communicate to one another and players effectively
  • increased accuracy of timings and distances achieved
  • increased excitement whilst awaiting decisions (e.g. VAR + Hawkeye)
50
Q

What are the negatives of the role of technology on the audience/spectators?

A
  • loss of respect for the crowd for the official being the final decision maker
  • costs limit the use of technology events which can give inconsistent experience to the crowd.
  • breaker in okay can be disruptive to spectators if they take too long (e.g. VAR) or there is over-reliance in technology.
51
Q

Biomechanics definition:

A
  • used to analyse the sporting impact of body movements (kinematics)
52
Q

What do notional match analysis and biomechanics have in common?

A
  • the use of measured observation (quantitative analysis) during or after an event to quantify performance in an accurate, reliable and value way.

AQA A-level Physical Education Year 2 (16 decks)

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