12.1: Sport Psychology Flashcards
1
Q
Achievement motivation:
A
- the tendency to approach or avoid competitive situations.
- summed up as the drive to succeed minus the fear of failure
- achievement motivation looks at how much desire a player has to keep on trying to succeed.
2
Q
Atkinson (1964)
A
- Atkinson identified two personality types.
- the first is demonstrated by those who keep trying, even when things are though. Types of people who approach competition with enthusiasm e.g. a football player volunteering to take a penalty.
- such personalities are said to display approach behaviour
3
Q
What are the two types?
A
- NACH: The need to achieve; approach behaviour. The player welcomes competition.
- NAF: the need to avoid failure; avoidance behaviour. The player avoids risks.
4
Q
What are the characteristics of NACH?
A
- they welcome competition - playing someone better. Leads to pride and satisfaction.
- they take risks
- they are very confident - belief in their ability.
- they are task persistent
- they attribute success internally
- they welcome feedback and evaluation. Look at statistics
- they base their actions on trying to seek pride and satisfaction from their performance.
5
Q
What are the characteristics of NAF?
A
- they seek safe and secure options - playing for a draw towards the end of the match.
- NAFS will give up easily, they will not have a second to. They don’t like to damage their self-esteem by losing.
- they do not like feedback or evaluation. Will avoid looking at the stats sheets.
- they tend to take the easy options - picking their games/players to play against.
6
Q
NACH and NAF graph:
A
- see notes
7
Q
What determines the NACH or NAF approach?
A
- the level of achievement motivation depends on the interaction of personalised and a situation. They need to achieve or the need to avoid failure are situation specific.
8
Q
Ways to develop the need to achieve (NAF)?
A
- reinforcement: praise and rewards would promote task persistence.
- attribute success internally - effort or technique.
- allow success - especially in the early stages
- improve confidence
- goal setting: coaches and players should set goals that are achievable with an amount of effort meaning there is satisfaction to be gained. Not just outcome goals.
9
Q
What is achievement goal theory?
A
- this theory suggests that motivation and task persistence depends on the type of goals set by the performer and how they measure success.
- goals can be outcome focused: doesn’t matter how the result is achieved, then you will feel pride and satisfaction.
- if the performer fails to get the results, then confidence can be lowered.
- if a task relayed goal is more focused with the process of success, which is measured against the performers own standards so that success can be achieved, regardless of results thus confidence is maintained.
10
Q
Confidence in sport definition:
A
- a belief in the ability to master the task.
- those with confidence are more likely to show approach behaviour, they tend to try harder and take risks.
11
Q
What is trait confidence?
A
- a belief in the ability to do well in a range of sports.
- a consistent level of confidence shown in most situations. Player is happy to take part and anxiety is low.
- trait sport confidence is concerned with how an athlete rates their ability to perform across a wide range of sports.
12
Q
What is state confidence?
A
- a belief in the ability to master a specific sporting moment.
- this type of confidence may be temporary and can vary depending on the interaction of the influence of experience and personality.
- state sports confidence is concerned with how a performer rates their ability to perform at a particular moment.
13
Q
Competitive orientation definition:
A
- the degree to which a performer is drawn to challenging situations.
14
Q
Objective sporting situations definition:
A
- the performer takes into account the situation in which the task is being undertaken.
15
Q
The Vealey model of sports confidence:
A
- Vealey looked at the influence of trait confidence, the situation and the competitive orientation of the performer.
- Vealey suggested that confidence gained in more than one area of sport could be used to improve confidence in a different sporting activity.
- Vealey uses the idea of trait confidence and the idea of state confidence. It was suggested that these two influences combine to produce a level of confidence in an objective sporting situation.
- if it is a skill that has been used successfully in the past, then both trait and state confidence would be high. The objective situation also looks at the conditions that the skill was performed in.
16
Q
What is the subjective outcome?
A
- the judgement of an athlete and if this judgement is good then trait confidence and competitive orientation increase.
- if the subjective outcome is bad, then both trait confidence and competitive orientation decrease.
17
Q
Vealey’s diagram:
A
- see notes
18
Q
Self-efficacy definition:
A
- a belief in the ability to master a specific sporting situation.
19
Q
Bandura’s four influences:
A
- Bandura suggested that a coach could use the four influences to improve player performance and confidence:
1) performance accomplishment
2) vicarious experience
3) verbal persuasion
4) emotional arousal
20
Q
What is performance accomplishment?
A
- what you have achieved?
- PBs, training performances, last match vs your rival
21
Q
What is vicarious experience?
A
- seeing others do the task and being unsuccessful
- the people being watched doing the task can be referred to as a model and the effect of seeing others doing the task wall is even better if those models are perceived to have similar ability to the performer, e.g. high jump.
22
Q
What is verbal persuasion?
A
- encouragement from others
- power of reinforcement and encouragement. Praise from others such as coaches, peers or spectators gives a player a real incentive and confidence to repeat the successful attempt.
- enhanced if it is received from someone held in high esteem, a role model, a family, coach, significant other.
23
Q
What is emotional arousal?
A
- a perception of the effects of anxiety on performance
- keeping calm and maintaining control and game strategy are essential to a good performance. Teams and players that deal with arousal better get the best results.
24
Q
Ways to improve confidence?
A
- control arousal with relaxation or stress management techniques such as visualisation. Correlation between the lower the anxiety, the higher the confidence.
- point out past successful performers
- accurate demos
- support and encouragement
- slow success during training
- attribute success internally
- mental rehearsal
- set attainable goals - not always about winning
25
Q
What is home field advantage?
A
- a balance between confidence and anxiety
- often the team playing at home wins the game because the home audience support increases player’s motivation and confidence - COVID
- not having to travel and the familiarity of the home environment can mean more games are won at home than when playing away.
- the home audience can cause ‘functional assertive behaviour’ in the home team; causing them to to have more drive, more assertion and the correct choice of response - social facilitation could occur.
26
Q
What are the disadvantages of home field advantage - away team?
A
- the home crowd can have a negative effect on the away team caused increasing anxiety with hostile chanting.
- this can lead to a less effective performance; the away team sometimes commit more fouls due to anxiety and could suffer from social inhibition.
27
Q
What are the disadvantages of home field advantage - home team:
A
- the home team can negatively effect the home team - choking in big games with the increased pressure of the game causing the catastrophe effect when the player suffers a dramatic reduction in performance.
- the more important the game, the less likely the home team is to win it.
- the effect of the home field advantage is increased in stadiums where the crowd are close to the pitch. In large stadiums the crowd may be far away and the help of the home support is ineffective.
- the bigger and more supportive the crowd, the better the effect is for the home team; the more hostile the crowd is to the away team, the more negative the effect is for them.
