130: eye physiology, pathology, histology

Question 1

what is glaucoma?

Answer 1

Rasied intraoccular pressure from blocked canal of schlemm.

Question 2

which cranial nerve innervates the ciliary body?

Answer 2

nasociliary nerve which is a branch of V1 (opthalmic branch of trigeminal)

Question 3

sarcoma is what type of cancer?

Answer 3

connective tissue

Question 4

carcinoma is what type of cancer?

Answer 4

epithelial tissue

Question 5

squamous cells are found where in the eye ?

Answer 5

conjunctiva (flattened)

Question 6

cuboidal epithelium is found where?

Answer 6

cornea endothelium ( square not flat)

Question 7

what cells are the anterior corneal epithelium?

Answer 7

stratified non-keratinised squamous

Question 8

which three structures make the uveal tract?

Answer 8

choroid, colliery body and iris

Question 9

job of the choroid

Answer 9

blood supply to the eye

Question 10

what are stroma?

Answer 10

fibrus tissue of the iris containing pigmentation

Question 11

which nerve innervates the lacrimal gland?

Answer 11

lacrimal nerve ( branch of V1)

Question 12

where do you find goblet cells?

Answer 12

in the squamous epithelium of the conjunctiva.

Question 13

closed angle glaucoma is what?

Answer 13

the angle of the trabecular leading to the canal of schlemm is narrowed - build up of pressure in posterior chamber.

Question 14

what is herpes simplex keratitis?

Answer 14

corneal ulceration due to HSV (keratitis means inflammation of the cornea)

Question 15

who is high risk for acanthamoeba infection

Answer 15

contact lense wearer

Question 16

autosomal dominant disease affecting the cornea. slowly progressing glare and blurring, corneal odema, vision loss, loss of endothelial cells

Answer 16

Fuch’s Dystrophy

Question 17

what do melanocytes do?

Answer 17

colour the retina

Question 18

glass eye and enlarged liver….

Answer 18

metastatic melanoma

Question 19

intraoccular tumor in children

Answer 19

retinoblastoma

Question 20

flexner-wintersteiner rosettes are a sign of?

Answer 20

retinoblastoma - spoke and wheel cell formation in retina.

Question 21

the retinal artery is a branch of…

Answer 21

the opthalmic artery

Question 22

the temporal artery is a branch of…

Answer 22

the external carotid

Question 23

giant cell arteritis is…

Answer 23

inflammation of the temporal arteries

Question 24

giant cell arteritis presents as…

Answer 24

blurred vision/ sudden blindness, headaches and tender temporal artery

Question 25

pathophysiology of cataracts…

Answer 25

lens protein degeneration over time

Question 26

where is the anterior chamber?

Answer 26

in front of lens, behind the cornea

Question 27

two types of age related macular degeneration

Answer 27

wet - neovascular…new vessel growth in the choroidal area

dry - non-neovascular can see drusen ( yellow deposits under retina

Question 28

anti vegf is used to treat wet AMD..how does it work?

Answer 28

blocks vascular endothelial growth factor to reverse new vessel formation

Question 29

5 Steps of Phototransduction:

Answer 29

1. light photon induces change of 11-cis retinal to trans-retianl which disassociated from opsin
2. opsin activates transducer
3. transducer activates phosphodiesterase
4. cGMP becomes 5 GMP
5. Na channels close - hyperpolarisation

Question 30

which cells regulates the ganglion cell?

Answer 30

bipolar

Question 31

which cells are interneurones of the retina

Answer 31

amacrine cells ( modulate whats received mostly using GABA and glycine)

Question 32

what is protanopia?

Answer 32

red colour blindness ( x linked)

Question 33

what is deuteranopia?

Answer 33

green colour blindness

Question 34

what is tritanopia?

Answer 34

blue colour blindness (autosomal dominant chromosome 7)

Question 35

which hormone makes you sleep when its dark?

Answer 35

melatonin

Question 36

which structures make melatonin?

Answer 36

pineal gland, skin, retina, GI tract.

Question 37

what is N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine?

Answer 37

melatonin.