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Network+ > 1.3 - Routing and Switching > Flashcards

1.3 - Routing and Switching Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Broadcast domain?

A

A LAN using switches as it’s boundaries. The switches will receive a broadcast and will determine where to send the data. This creates a collision domain, increasing the likelihood of dropped packets.

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2
Q

Explain CSMA/CD

A

Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection. With Carrier Sense, the NIC will listen for transmission before sending one out. If a collision is detected, it will send a jam signal to clear the path for a resend.

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3
Q

Explain CSMA/CA

A

Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance. Once the media is clear, the transmitting node signals the whole collision domain that it is sending packets.

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4
Q

What is a collision domain?

A

When nodes are connected to a hub, such as a broadcast domain.

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5
Q

What is a protocol data unit? What are they called on each layer of the OSI model?

A 
Protocol Data Unit (PDU). A message or group of bits containing addressing and/or information.
Layer 1 -Transmission or bit
Layer 2 - Frame
Layer 3 - Packet
Layer 4 - TCP segment or UDP datagram
Layer 6 - Payload
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6
Q

What is an MTU?

A

Maximum Transmission Unit. Represents the largest size supported by the Network layer routers. Standard size is 1,500 bytes.

Bonus: VLAN frames have four extra bytes and a jumbo frame. up to 9,198 bytes.

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7
Q

Define Broadcast, Multicast, and Unicast

A

Broadcast is a transmission sent to every node. Multicast is a transmission sent to multiple nodes at once (think streaming). Unicast is meant for a single recipient.

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8
Q

What is a VLAN?

A

Virtual Local Area Network. Created on the ports of a Layer 2 switch. This allows larger broadcast domains and multiple VLAN’s to be created.

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9
Q

What is Trunking?

A

802.q1

Using a switch to create multiple VLAN’s.

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10
Q

Explain tagging and untagging ports

A

The 802.q1 tag is placed on the frame following the addressing fields. The final switch removes the tag.

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11
Q

What is Port mirroring?

A

AKA SPAN (Switch Port Analyzer). Sends a copy of all the traffic on a port to a security device such as NIDS, which will monitor the traffic for anomalies and report them.

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12
Q

What are switching loops/spanning tree?

A

Multiple switches can create a loop of resent broadcasts, which can cripple the network. STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) identifies and blocks potential loops using BPDU.

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13
Q

What are PoE and PoE+? What do they define?

A

(802.3af and 802.3at)
Define how electrical power can be sent over ethernet cabling. PoE delivers 15.4 Watts and PoE+ delivers 25.5 Watts. Two devices are defined by these standards: Power Supply Equipment (PSE) and Powered Devices (PDs)

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14
Q

What is the DMZ?

A

Demilitarized Zone. A network space between your internal and external firewalls.

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15
Q

What is a MAC address table?

A

The network switches we use to maintain a list of MAC addresses. They save and share MAC addresses with fellow switches.

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16
Q

What is an ARP table?

A

Address Resolution Protocol. Mapping IP addresses to MAC addresses in IPv4, creating a table.

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17
Q

What is a distance-vector routing protocol?

A

A routing protocol that counts the number of hops. Cannot see more than 2 hops away.

18
Q

Explain RIP and RIPv2

A

Routing Information Protocol and RIP version 2. Distance-vector protocol.

19
Q

Explain EIGRP

A

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol.

Distance-vector protocol. Preferred over RIP.

20
Q

What is a Link-state routing protocol?

A

Link-state routing protocols allow routers to communicate beyond the 2 hop limit.

21
Q

Explain OSPF

A

Open Shortest Path First - Creates a network map from the other routers to determine the best path. Developed to improve RIP.

22
Q

Explain BGP and hybrid routing protocol

A

Border Gateway Protocol is a hybrid routing protocol employing elements from both Link-state and Distance-vector protocols. Classified as an advanced protocol.

23
Q

What is static routing?

A

When a Network Administrator specifies the paths between networks in the routing table. Efficient and low overhead, but cannot compensate network failures.

24
Q

What is dynamic routing?

A

Dynamic Routing can determine the best path for a network. Is also capable of compensating for network failures or congestion. It also adds new routers to the table dynamically.

25
What is default routing?
A type of Static Routing. Sends packets addressed to an unknown destination to the next hop.
26
Explain is IPv6 addressing
IPv6 consists of eight hexadecimal blocks separated by colons. Each block contains 16 bits, making the address 128 bits in length.
27
Explain IPv6 tunneling
Aids the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 by adding an IPv6 datagram to the IPv4 frame so that IPv6 devices can read it.
28
Explain Dual Stack
A Dual Stack network handles both IPv4 and IPv6.
29
Explain advertisement
Used in IPv6 autoconfiguration. The host requests configuration information from the router using Router Solicitation. The router will send the information via Router Advertisement.
30
Explain Neighbor discovery and it's 5 message types
The Neighbor Discovery Protocol is an IPv6 protocol that replaces ARP and ICMP. It utilizes RS, RA, Neighbor Solicitation, Neighbor Discovery, and Redirect. RS - Router Solicitation. The host sends a message to discover IPv6 routers on the network. RA - Routing Advertisement. The routers send a message back to configure with the host. NS - Neighbor Solicitation. IPv6 nodes send this message to discover a link-layer address of IPv6 nodes on-link. NA - Neighbor Advertisement. Contains information to determine the senders role on the network, and the link-layer address. Redirect - An IPv6 node will send a host hop information for a better path to a destination.
31
Explain traffic shaping
A technique used on high volume networks to ensure the timely delivery of prioritized traffic and provide optimal performance to the users.
32
Explain QoS
Quality of Service is a group of techniques that ensure that voice and video communications are handled in a timely manner.
33
Explain Diffserv. How does it work?
Differentiated Services works at OSI layer 3 to examine all traffic and prioritize time-sensitive packets like voice and video. Modified the Diffserv field in an IPv4 packet, and the Traffic Class field in IPv6.
34
Explain CoS
Class of Service operates at OSI layer 2. Improves the routing and switching of ethernet frames between VLAN's. Tagged frames are prioritized using 8 priority levels (0-7). The level is assigned to the frame in a three-bit field in the header, known as Priority Code Point (PCP).
35
What is NAT/PAT?
Networking Address Translation and Port Address Translation. NAT was created to reduce public IP addresses. A network receives one public IP and the hosts use arbitrary private IP's. For PAT, each session between a local host and internet host is assigned to an individual TCP port. When traffic comes in, PAT knows where to send it.
36
What is port forwarding?
Redirects traffic to a port other than it's default. Ex, instead of port 21, you can use 3,999
37
What is an Access control list?
ACL's are used to permit or deny specific traffic on the network by comparing the traffic to a permit/deny list.
38
What is distributed switching?
In the virtual environment, distributed switching provides a centralized control point for VM's and virtual server clusters across multiple points.
39
Explain Packet-switched vs. circuit-switched network
Circuit-switched: Think of a phone call. A connection is established between two parties who will only communicate once it is established. Nobody else can use that connection. Packet-switched: IP protocols break data into packets before transmission. Is better for an IP network and uses less resources than CS.
40
Explain Software-defined networking
SDN centralizes the control of data flow by using software. Determinations that were traditionally handled by routers and switches, are now handled by the SDN controller. SDN will play a major role in cloud technologies.

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