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Food Studies > (13) Risks to Environmental Sustainability > Flashcards

(13) Risks to Environmental Sustainability Flashcards

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1
Q

Biodegradable

A

Describes a substance originally made from plant an animal matter that can be broken down

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2
Q

Describes a substance originally made from plant an animal matter that can be broken down

A

Biodegradable

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3
Q

Biosecurity

A

Is the protection of people, animals and the environment from infectious diseases, pests and other biological threats

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4
Q

Is the protection of people, animals and the environment from infectious diseases, pests and other biological threats

A

Biosecurity

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5
Q

Fertilisers

A

Are widely used in agriculture to improve crop yields

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6
Q

Are widely used in agriculture to improve crop yields

A

Fertilisers

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7
Q

Climate change

A

A change in the pattern of weather, and related changes in oceans, land surfaces and ice sheets, occurring over decades or longer

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8
Q

A change in the pattern of weather, and related changes in oceans, land surfaces and ice sheets, occurring over decades or longer

A

Climate change

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9
Q

Herbicides

A

Are chemicals sprayed onto paddocks to kill weeds that compete for nutrients in the soil needed by food crops such as wheat, oats, rice and barley

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10
Q

Are chemicals sprayed onto paddocks to kill weeds that compete for nutrients in the soil needed by food crops such as wheat, oats, rice and barley

A

Herbicides

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11
Q

Pesticides

A

Are chemicals that are sprayed onto crops to control particular pests such as grasshoppers so that they do not destroy the crop

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12
Q

Are chemicals that are sprayed onto crops to control particular pests such as grasshoppers so that they do not destroy the crop

A

Pesticides

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13
Q

Salinity

A

Occurs if groundwater rises and reaches the surface and salt emerges through the topsoil

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14
Q

Occurs if groundwater rises and reaches the surface and salt emerges through the topsoil

A

Salinity

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15
Q

Soil acidification

A

Occurs when plants take up nutrients and release acidic waste from their roots

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16
Q

Occurs when plants take up nutrients and release acidic waste from their roots

A

Soil acidification

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17
Q

What is biosecurity

A

The protection of people, animals and the environment from infectious diseases, pests and other biological threats

18
Q

Who manages Australia’s biosecurity

A

The Federal Department of Agricultural and Water Resources

19
Q

A destructive disease that is spread in soil and water and survive 40 years in fungal spores in soil

First detected in a Cavendish banana plantation in the NT (1997)

A

Panama disease

20
Q

It affects animals with cloven hoofs (e.g. cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, deer, buffalo and camels)

Animals affected develop huge blisters on their toes, heels, lips and mouth, impacting their ability to walk and eat/drink – eventually dying = a huge cost to the primary production industry

Australia is still free from this disease. Found in Asia, Middle East, South America and Africa

A

Threat of foot and mouth disease (FMD)

21
Q

A bacterial disease that can destroy apple and pear orchards. The fruit, leaves and tree limbs become blackened and eventually the tree will die

Not present in Australia, but found in NZ, US, UK, Europe and the Middles East

A

Fire blight

22
Q

Threats to Australia’s cereal production

A

‘Barley stripe rust’ could damage our barley production

‘Wheat rust’ could damage our Australian wheat varieties (currently in Uganda and Russia)

23
Q

How can pests and diseases be spread unintentionally

A

Between farms through soil and plant material. This is usually done by sharing farming equipment, having dirt on your boots/clothing or on your car tyres

24
Q

How can farmers minimise risk of imported pests and diseases

A

Placing signs upon entry onto the property to raise awareness

Request that visitors contact the farm owner before entering

Use only dedicated vehicles or machinery on the property

Develop a strategy for cleaning equipment or vehicles before entering the property

25
Q

Effects of diminishing rainfall (climate change) on Australian agricultural and livestock production

A

Less water available for irrigation, therefore more demand on groundwater supplies

Increased salinity

Increased acidification in the soil

Land degradation and soil erosion will increase

Decreased yields

New pests and diseases may attack crops leading to an increase in pesticide use

26
Q

Effects of temperature increase (climate change) on Australian agricultural and livestock production

A

Sea temperatures will rise, causing fish species to move south towards cooler waters

Soil acidification, rising sea levels, run-off from agricultural land and increasing storm surges will have an impact on the sustainability of fish populations

Some crops may be no longer viable to be grown in the same area due to change in temperature

Crops may suffer sunburn

27
Q

Effect of climate change on Australian food supplies - crops

A

Extreme weather events can devastate crops, resulting in financial loss for farmers

More CO2 in the air means less protein in plants, decreasing the nutrient value and also decreasing functional properties (e.g. protein in bread is gluten – gluten helps the bread dough rise)

28
Q

Effect of climate change on Australian food supplies - dairy

A

Dairy cattle produce less milk
Less pasture for animals to feed on = lower quality produce.
Conditions for animals in intensive farming will worsen. I.e. heat stress.

29
Q

Lack of availability in primary produced items will…

A

Force prices to rise, making basic foods unaffordable

Create a greater demand for imports = questionable quality, health, cost, safety

30
Q

Includes not only all the different species of animals, plants, bacteria, virus and fungi that live on the earth, but also the genetic makeup and entire ecosystems

A

Biodiversity

31
Q

The importance of biodiversity in primary food production

A

Essential to sustain agricultural food production

Microbes present in the soil ensure soil in fertile and crops can grow

Native frogs and bats live on insects and help reduce crops pests

Bees and birds are essential for pollinating many crops

32
Q

Why is biodiversity important

A

To ensure the health of the water in all river systems, lakes, dams and groundwater that is used in the production of our food supply

33
Q

Why are organisms that live near waterways important?

(Microbes e.g. algae, fungi, bacteria and plankton, as well as fish, plants, water birds and frogs)

A

They help control the nutrients in the water by filtering out pollutants

34
Q

Name the three threats to biodiversity

A

The increase in human population growth

Excessive use of herbicides and pesticides

Introduction of alien species not native to Australia

35
Q

The consequences of human population growth on biodiversity

A

Increased demand for food = intensive food production systems

Increased land clearing to make room for farming = habitats destroyed, native flora and fauna die, species extinct

36
Q

The consequences of excessive herbicide and pesticide use on biodiversity

A

Polluted waterways and destroyed ecosystems that live there

37
Q

The consequences of alien species not native to Australia on biodiversity

A

E.g. rabbits, foxes, cane toads, prickly pear

They crowd native species, change entire habitats and destroy native ecosystems

38
Q

Why loss of genetic diversity has occurred

A

Because farmers have only been focussing on producing a limited number of crops and animals that will provide the greatest yield

39
Q

True or false

90% of our energy and protein comes from only 15 plants and 8 animal species

A

True

40
Q

What are ‘gene’ banks used for

A

To preserve the genetic diversity of crops for future generations

Australia is a country already using them

41
Q

Why are heritage animals important

A

They are an important source of genetic diversity and may be useful in the future when breeding animals suited to an altered climate

Food Studies (7 decks)

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