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Respiratory > 13. Overview of viral, bacterial and fungal respiratory infections > Flashcards

13. Overview of viral, bacterial and fungal respiratory infections Flashcards

1
Q

Symptoms of pneumonia

A

Fever (>38.0 °C)

Sweating/shivers

aches and pains

Pleural chest pain

Respiratory distress (tachypnoea, dyspnoea)

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2
Q

Diagnostic approach - Pneumonia

A

Oxygen sats

arterial blood gases

U+E

FBC

LFT

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3
Q

Microbiological examinations - Pneumonia

A

Urine antigen test

Sputum culture

Blood culture

Nucleic acid amplification test

Serological test

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4
Q

Pneumococcal pneumonia

A

Acute onset

Flu-like symptoms

Pleural chest pain

T ≥ 39 °C

CXR usually lobar or multilobar shadowing

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5
Q

Complications

A

Reactivation of latent infections (cold sore, shingles) Pleural effusion → empyema Pyo-pneumothorax Pericarditis Lung abscess Metastatic infections Endocarditis Meningitis, brain abscess Septicaemia

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6
Q

Cryptococcosis Treatment:

A

Amphotericin B and Flucytosine

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7
Q

Aspergilloma Treatment:

A

Itraconazole

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8
Q

ABPA Treatment:

A

steroids by aerosol or mouth

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9
Q

Invasive Aspergillosis Treatment:

A

Voriconazole

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10
Q

Transmission Diphtheria

A

Primary reservoir in humans

Acute, contagious disease

Nasopharyngeal secretions

usually affecting children

expelled in aerosol droplets and contact

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11
Q

Diphtheria Symptoms

A

greyish pseudomembrane on respiratory mucosa

Thick nasal discharge

fever and cough

Bull neck

cutaneous skin lesions

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12
Q

Diphtheria toxin

A

exotoxin released into the bloodstream

Bacteria remain in the upper respiratory tract

Toxin functions by ADP-ribosylation of translation elongation factor 2 (EF2)

EF2 is inactivated and host protein synthesis blocked

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13
Q

Diphtheria treatment

A

Antitoxin

Penicillin and erythromycin

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14
Q

Diphtheria Prevention

A

Immunisation with DTaP

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15
Q

Pertussis symptoms

A

breathing difficulties

Convulsions

cyanosis

Sporadic coughing

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16
Q

Pertussis toxin

A

ADP ribosylates a Giα1

causes a rise in host cell cAMP levels

Induces respiratory mucus secretions

17
Q

Pertussis prevention

A

Immunisation with DTaP

18
Q

Legionnaires’ Disease transmission

A

Environmental reservoir: no person-person transmission!

19
Q

Legionnaires’ Disease symptoms

A

Acute pneumonia

Pericarditis

endocarditis

Pontiac Fever

20
Q

Legionnaires’ Disease high susceptibility

A

1) Elderly people 2) Males 3) Immunocompromised

21
Q

Legionnaires’ Disease treatment

A

Erythromycin

regular chlorination of water tanks

heat sterilisation of air-conditioning systems

22
Q

INFLUENZA symptoms

A

fever myalgia headache pharyngitis

23
Q

Influenza Source

A

reservoir is acute infection in other human beings

24
Q

Influenza Spread

A

via aerial droplets and fomites

25
Q

Influenza Incubation

A

Is short: 1-3 days

26
Q

RSV source

A

Human beings

27
Q

RSV spread

A

mainly as fomites

28
Q

RSV Incubation

A

2-5 days

29
Q

RSV symptoms

A

Intermittent fever

Pharyngitis

Coughing/sneezing

Labored breathing

Fast breathing

30
Q

RSV treatment

A

Ribavirin aerosol oxygen therapy

31
Q

Parainfluenza Source

A

reservoir is acute infection in other human beings

32
Q

Parainfluenza Spread

A

aerial droplets and fomites

33
Q

Parainfluenza Incubation

A

1-7 days

34
Q

Parainfluenza Symptoms

A

hPIV-3 = bronchiolitis and pneumonia

HPIV-4 = Mild cold-like disease

35
Q

PIV Treatment

A

infants nursed in plastic tents supplied with oxygen

anti-inflammatory drugs

Antibiotics

36
Q

Reyes Syndrome

A

Abnormal accumulation of fat

in liver and brain

37
Q

Reyes Syndrome factors that increase risk

A

1) Viral infection
2) Use of aspirin

Respiratory (13 decks)

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