13. Migration and Globalisation Flashcards
who was migrating in the 1900s- 1945
irish, eastern and central european, jews, british decent from canada and usa
who was migrating in the 1950s
caribbeans
who was migrating in 1960s-1970s
india, bangladesh, pakistan, east africa, uganda, kenya
encouraged by british government to tackle labour shortages
those from east africa were fleeing persecution
who was migrating from the 1980s
europeans
who was migrating from the 2000s
before globalisation and migration, membership of the EU had a huge effect on britain which was now a multicultural society
how many migrants in 2011
10% of UK was from non-white ethnic groups
what is net migration
difference between the estimated number of immigrants arriving in the uk for at least one year and the estimated number of emigrants leaving the uk for at least one year
When did globalisation peak? and why?
Peaks between 2004 and 2007.
Join EU in 2004 – Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia.
In 2007, Romania and Bulgaria joined the EU.
What happened between 2007- 2013?
Countries were subject to temporary controls restricting their access to the UK labour market, which were lifted in Jan 2014.
Since 2004-07 peak, annual net migration has fluctuated between around 180,000 and 250,000
What does every EU citizen have rights too?
In the EU every European citizen has the right to work and live anywhere in the EU, under the same conditions as the nationals of the host state.
Why has immigration become a political issue since 2001?
A fear and distrust of immigrants
Led to creation and growth of anti-immigrant political parties such as UKIP
Fears around levels of immigration
Fears around integration into British culture
Worries about the weakening of national culture and identity
Undercutting of wages
How did the government respond to PreBrexit?
Strict immigration controls to restrict immigration from outside the EU, including the non-British (or EU) husbands and wives and children of British citizens.
Minimum income requirement of around £18,600 a year before a British citizen can bring in their non-British, non-EU partners and children.
Estimated break up about 17,800 families a year, with husbands and wives separated, with children growing up separated from one of their parents (enforced lone parenthood)
What is a push or pull factor?
migration occurs due to push and pull factors both encouraging people to leave and more to come.
What is are characteristics of a push factor?
escape poverty/famines
lack of jobs
effect of wars
political and religious persecutions
What are characteristics of a pull factor?
work opportunities - 50%
27% come for study
higher living standards and wages
health care and education
political and religious freedom
join relatives
What was the main reason for migration in 2013?
Pull factors of work and study
5% of migrants are asylum seekers
What are the effects of globalisation?
More undocumented workers
more asylum seekers
changing families
greater cultural diversity
How has more undocumented workers been an effect of globalisation?
Workers who come in the UK illegally (illegal immigrants
‘pulled’ by better living standards, and often ‘pushed’ by poverty and the lack of opportunities in their own countries
they lack the skills or wealth which would allow them to enter the country legally.
between 500,000 and 800,000
How has more asylum seekers been an effect of globalisation?
March 2014, 24,000 people seeking asylum in the UK to escape persecution, torture and potential death in the countries of origin.
5% of migrants, media creates a ‘moral panic’ about them being welfare scroungers.
zero government support and are banned from working
The treatment they receive is often ‘dehumanising’
How has changing families an effect of globalisation?
East Europe tend to have larger families, and this has contributed to a new ‘baby boom’ in the 2000s
Beck-Gernsheim (2014) talk of the growth of ‘world families’ and ‘distant love’, in which love and other forms of relationships are conducted between people living in different countries and continents.
What did Chambers 2012 think of changing families?
Global family networks with migrants in the UK trying to maintain relationships and send money to their families in other countries.
Growing trade in surrogate motherhood
Mail-order brides (‘purchase of intimacy’)
Purchase of family personal care – nannies and home helps from poorer countries
How has greater cultural diversity had an effect of globalisation?
Different cultures and ways of life have come into contact with one another as a consequence of globalisaton.
Growing number of couples come from different cultural backgrounds, and more ‘hybrid families’ create new family relationships and values derived from a merging of two cultures.
