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Chemistry > 1.3 Metals And Their Uses > Flashcards

1.3 Metals And Their Uses Flashcards

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1
Q

Displacement reactions

A

A more reactive metal will displace a less reactive metal from a compound
E.g
Iron + copper sulfate 👉 iron sulfate + copper

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2
Q

Raw materials which go into a blast furnace…

A

Iron ore= iron 111 oxide Fe2O3

Coke= carbon C

Limestone= CaCO3

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3
Q

Reduction

A

Removal of oxygen from a substance.

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4
Q

What is the overall equation for a blast furnace?

A

Iron oxide + carbon👉 iron + carbon dioxide

2Fe2O3 + 3C 👉 4Fe + 3CO2

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5
Q

What stages are there of the reduction of the iron oxide? ( the carbon has reduced the iron oxide to iron)

A

1.Carbon burns
C + O 👉 CO2

  1. Carbon dioxide reacts with more carbon
    CO2 + C 👉2CO
  2. Carbon monoxide reduces the iron oxide
    3CO + Fe2O3 👉 2Fe + 3CO2
  3. Limestone added to remove impurities (SiO2)
    CaCO3 👉 CaO + CO2
    CaO + SiO2 👉 CaSiO3 (calcium silicate-slag)
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6
Q

Blast furnace?

A 
Charge mixture at the top, lever moved down to let more in.
Waste gases mostly CO2 com out top right.
400 degrees Celsius at top.
Charge reaction takes place in between.
1800 degrees Celsius at bottom.
Hot air blasted in form bottom sides.
Slag comes out left at bottom.
Molten iron comes out right at bottom.
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7
Q

Pure iron composition?

A

100% Fe

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8
Q

Pure iron properties and uses?

A

Very soft and easily shaped.

Too soft for most uses.

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9
Q

Cast iron(aka pig iron) is made…

A

And taken straight from the blast furnace.

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10
Q

Cast iron composition?

A 
96% iron
Contains impurities (mainly carbon)
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11
Q

Cast iron properties and uses?

A 
Very brittle and hard, cannot be easily compressed.
Wood-burning stoves.
Man-hole covers.
Engines
Railings
Fire Places
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12
Q

Carbon steels are made…

A

By alloying iron with small amounts of carbon. These are the cheapest steels to make.

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13
Q

Carbon steels- high carbon steel composition?

A

0.03% to 1.5% of carbon

~98.5% iron

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14
Q

Carbon steels- low carbon steel- mild steel composition?

A

Less than 0.1% carbon.

~99.9% iron.

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15
Q

Carbon steels- high carbon steel properties and uses?

A 
Very strong and brittle.
Bodies of cars.
Knives.
Ships containers.
Machinery.
Structural steel for building bridges.
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16
Q

Carbon steels- low carbon steel- mild steel properties and uses?

A

Soft and easily shaped, not as strong as high carbon steel, but less likely to shatter.
Useful in Mass production, such as making bodies of cars.

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17
Q

Alloy steels are made…

A

Of alloys of steel and other metals.
They are more expensive than carbon steels.
Low alloy steels contain between 1% to 5% other metals.
High alloy steels have a greater percentage of other metals.

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18
Q

Nickel steel alloys (low alloy steel) composition?

A

~ 1% to 5% other metals

~ 99%-95% iron

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19
Q

Tungsten steel (low alloy steel) composition?

A

~ 1% to 5% other metals

~ 99%-95% iron

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20
Q

Stainless steel (high alloy steel) composition?

A

75% iron
10% nickel
Higher percentage of other metals e.g chromium steels 12%-15% chromium

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21
Q

Nickel steel (low alloy steel) properties and uses?

A 
Very resistant to stretching forces, hard and strong.
Build long span bridges.
Bicycle chains
Military armour-plating
Tools
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22
Q

Tungsten steel (low alloy steel) properties and uses?

A

Operates well under very hot conditions, hard and string and high melting point.
Used to make high-speed tools (drill bits, cutting blades.)

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23
Q

Stainless steel (high alloy steel) properties and uses?

A

Combine hardness and strength with great resistance to corrosion, do not rust.
Cooking utensils and cutlery.
Chemical reaction vessels.
Sinks.

24
Q

Pure metals formation?

A

All atoms are the same size, this mean they form neat rows/ layers. These layers can slide over each other making the metal soft and malleable.

25
Q

Alloy metal formation?

A

This is a mixture of different size atoms. This means the layers are disorderly , so cannot slide over each other easily. This makes the alloy harder.

26
Q

Extracting iron form iron ore (iron 111 oxide- Fe2O3) main process taken?

A

Blast furnace

27
Q

Extracting aluminium form bauxite ore, main process taken?

A

Electrolysis

28
Q

Extracting titanium from ore sands, main process taken?

A

Heating to 1600 with chlorine.

29
Q

Why are aluminium alloys useful?

A

As strong and have a low density. Although aluminium is reactive, it does not corrode because its surface is coated with a thin, tough layer of aluminium oxide.

30
Q

Why are titanium alloys useful?

A

Strong and have a low density. Titanium does not corrode as not very reactive and also has its oxide layer to protect it.

31
Q

What makes aluminium and titanium metals expensive?

A

We use large amounts of energy in the extraction of both metals from their ores, and the large number of steps in the extraction of the metals also contributes to their high cost.

32
Q

Use of titanium?

A

Artificial hip joints.

33
Q

Why can carbon not be used to extract aluminium ?

A

Because aluminium more reactive than carbon so carbon cannot displace it from the compound.

34
Q

Why can carbon not be used to extract titanium?

A

Because although titanium is not particularly reactive, it would still react with the carbon making the metal very brittle.

35
Q

What are two processes in the extraction aluminium that requires large amounts of energy?

A

Electrolysis
And
Melting the metal compound.

36
Q

Properties of transition metals?

A 
Compounds are usually colourful.
Conduct electricity
Conduct heat
Shiny
Dense
Strong
High melting point
Magnetic ( iron, cobalt and nickel only.)
37
Q

Which ore can copper metal be extracted from?

A

Malachite-hard rock with grey and turquoise sponges.

38
Q

The copper containing mineral in malachite is what?

A

Copper carbonate

39
Q

How is the copper carbonate mineral separated from the waste rock(gangue)?

A

By crushing the rock and using a process of froth flotation, so the waste gangue sinks but the copper carbonate is attracted to the bubbles in the froth and can be skimmed off and collected👉physical process.

40
Q

How do you extract copper from malachite ore?

A

1.Concentration of mineral- froth flotation
2. Roasting the copper carbonate- copper oxide and co2 produced
3. Reaction with sulfuric acid- copper sulfate and water produced.
4. Make the solution up to approximately 50 cm^3 with cold water.
4. Filter solution to remove any remaining copper oxide ( if necessary)
5. Extract the copper either by
Using scrap iron OR electrolysis

41
Q

Because electrolysis is expensive what commercially would be usually used to obtain copper from a solution of copper sulfate?

A

Heating it with carbon

42
Q

What is an ore?

A

Is a rock that contains enough of a particular mineral to allow a metal to be extracted from it to make a profit.

43
Q

The price of a metal depends on…

A

Rarity/ amount and energy/ extraction costs involved in turning the ore into metal.

44
Q

Mining environmental issues?

A

Open cast mining creates huge pits, destroying habitats and creating noise and dust.
Also large amounts of waste rock produced.

45
Q

Concentration of mineral, environmental issues?

A

Large amounts of waste rock produced.
Uses energy -CO2 produced.
Chemicals used can pollute water.

46
Q

Chemical reactions to produce metals, environmental issues?

A

Roasting sulfides produces SO2- causes acid rain.

Uses energy- CO2 produced- greenhouse effect- global warming.

47
Q

What are high grade ores?

A

Ores which contain a high percentage of the desired metal and these are the first to be mined.

48
Q

Metals ores are…

A

Non-renewable

49
Q

Methods to extract metals from low grade ores are…

A

Phytomining- this uses plants to concentrate the metal containing minerals.
Or
Bioleaching- this uses bacteris

50
Q

Why can recycling be expensive?

A

Because the waste metal needs to be collected and sorted, also if the metal is an alloy it may need to be purified before it can be reused.

51
Q

What makes a metal more expensive?

A 
High energy cost of extraction.
High world demand.
Ore very low percentage if metal.
Metal very high in reactivity series.
If high purity required for metal in its uses.
Deep shaft mining.
Ore very rare.
Batch process.
If very clean process required.
52
Q

What makes a metal cheaper?

A

Common ore
Open cast mining
Continuous process of extraction
Dirty process
Ore very rich in metal
Metal found native (find as metal, not as compound)
Tend to be unreactive metals- so low energy cost in extraction

53
Q

What is smelting (roasting)?

A

Heating e.g copper ore very strongly in a furnace with air to produce crude copper.

54
Q

What are the advantages of using bacteria to extract metals?

A

Reduces open-cast mining and scars on the landscape.

Conserves limited supplies e.g high grade ores, fossil fuels

55
Q

If the cost of a metal rises dramatically, what might it be economically worthwhile doing?

A

Extracting the metal from low grade ores.

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