13 - Hypertension

Question 1

Another name for hypertension

Answer 1

Silent killer

Question 2

Definition of hypertension

Answer 2

Cardiovascular problem in which the blood exerts a greater than normal force against the inner walls of the blood vessels

Question 3

Why hypertension (physiologically) (2)

Answer 3

Increase blood volume

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels

Question 4

Synonym of hypertension

Answer 4

High blood pressure

Question 5

Damage to what structures because of circulatory problems (due to blood vessels damage)

Answer 5

Damage to the heart, brain, kidneys, and eyes

Question 6

Major risk for death by which 2 conditions

Answer 6

Stroke and heart attack

Question 7

Two mechanical causes of hypertension

Answer 7

1. Increase stroke volume

2. Increase peripheral resistance

Question 8

Explanation for increase in peripheral resistance (2)

Answer 8

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels

Arterial walls become thickened, inelastic, and resistant to blood flow

Question 9

T or F: either increase blood volume or peripheral resistance is enough to increase BP

Answer 9

TRUE

Question 10

___ to ___% of Canadians suffer from hypertension

Answer 10

20 to 25%

Question 11

Mild + moderate hypertension

Answer 11

No symptoms (silent killer)

Question 12

Severe hypertension symptoms

Answer 12

Blurred vision
Severe headaches
Confusion

Question 13

Blood pressure measurement (2 measures of BP)

Answer 13

Systolic pressure

Diastolic pressure

Question 14

What is systolic pressure?

Answer 14

Contraction phase

Question 15

What is diastolic pressure?

Answer 15

Relaxation phase

Question 16

What is the optimal BP?

Answer 16

120/80 mmHg

Question 17

Factors causing BP to temporarily rise

Answer 17

Stress
Smoking
Exercise
Caffeine

Question 18

Systolic and diastolic pressure ___ in winter and ___ in summer

Answer 18

Rise

Drop

Question 19

Why this drop in winter? 2 reasons

Answer 19

1. Blood vessels constricts in the cold causing the heart to work harder to push blood through the veins and arteries
2. Increase weight and decrease exercise in the winter

Question 20

two types of causes to hypertension

Answer 20

1. Primary or essential = 90%

2. Secondary

Question 21

Factors of secondary hypertension

Answer 21

Pregnancy (increase BV)
Coarctation of the aorta
Obesity
Smoking
Physical inactivity
High fat diet + increase salt intake
Large amounts of alcohol
Increase stress

Question 22

What is coarctation of the aorta?

Answer 22

narrowing of the aorta

Question 23

What is the effect of all the secondary factors physiologically?

Answer 23

Increase peripheral resistance

Question 24

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 24

Hardening of the arteries

Question 25

Consequence of high BP

Answer 25

Arteries: walls swell and stretch

Question 26

Major risk for death by stroke and heart attack

Answer 26

Atherosclerosis

Question 27

Stage 1 (mild hypertension) values

Answer 27

140/90 mmHg

Question 28

Not taking antihypertensive medication and not actually ill, when systolic and diastolic pressure fall into different categories, the ___ category should be selected

Answer 28

Higher

Question 29

Effect of aerobic exercise on BP (normal response)

Answer 29

``` Systolic = increase of 30-60 mmHg Diastolic = no changes ```

Question 30

Effects of regular exercise on BP response AT REST in participants with hypertension - Aerobic training

Answer 30

Decrease in systolic BP of 5-7 mmHg and in diastolic BP of 3-5 mmHg

Question 31

Effects of regular exercise on BP response AT REST in participants with hypertension - Dynamic resistance training

Answer 31

Decrease BP by 2-3mm Hg in both systolic and diastolic BP

Question 32

Effects of regular exercise on BP response AT REST in participants with hypertension - Isometric resistance training

Answer 32

Potential for the largest decrease in systolic and diastolic pressure BUT increase risk of medical complications

Question 33

Reductions of only __mm Hg in SBP and DBP lowers stroke risk by 14% and 17% respectively, and the risk of coronary artery disease by 9% and 6%, respectively

Answer 33

2%

Question 34

Effects of moderate weight reduction on resting and exercise blood pressure in overweight subjects

Answer 34

AT REST = decrease in systolic BP | DURING EXERCISE = decrease in systolic and diastolic BP (stronger effect of SBP)

Question 35

Recommendations for exercise programming (medication)

Answer 35

Medication first for stages 3 and 4

Question 36

Recommendations for exercise programming (mode of training)

Answer 36

Endurance training | Large muscle, aerobic

Question 37

Recommendations for exercise programming (Frequency)

Answer 37

3 to 7 days/week

Question 38

Recommendations for exercise programming (duration)

Answer 38

20-60 minutes

Question 39

Recommendations for exercise programming (intensity)

Answer 39

50-85% of peak HR | Lower intensity 40-70% is very good too

Question 40

Best ways to control hypertension

Answer 40

``` Medications Healthy diet Exercise Management of emotional stress Weight control ```

Question 41

Diuretics (water pills)

Answer 41

Work by flushing excess water & sodium from the body thus lowering BP, which may be enough along with lifestyle changes to control blood pressure (stage 1)

Question 42

Beta blockers

Answer 42

Work by blocking certain nerves & hormonal signals to the heart & blood vessels thus lowering blood pressure

Question 43

Calcium channel blockers

Answer 43

Prevent calcium from going into the heart & blood vessels muscle cells causing the cells to relax, which lower BP