11 - Traumatic brain injury Flashcards

1
Q

Can a head concussion be considered a TBI?

A

Yes (mild TBI)

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2
Q

Definition of traumatic brain injury

A

Defined as a physical injury to brain tissue that temporarily or permanently impairs brain function

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3
Q

TBI is caused by external mechanical forces such as: (2)

A
  • A direct blow to the head by blunt of penetrating object
  • Indirect forces such as inertia, where rapid movement of the head causes back and forth movement of the brain inside the skull
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4
Q

TBI classified based on 2 things

A
  1. Severity (mild, moderate, severe)

2. Mechanism of injury (closed or penetrating head injury)

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5
Q

Depending on the severity, TBI can affect numerous aspects such as (5)

A
Physical capability
Cognitive ability
Emotional state
Social interactions
Behavior
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6
Q

After a TBI, there is an increase risk of (3)

A

Epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease

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7
Q

Can the side of brain lesions predict the type of impairments and disabilities following TBI?

A

YES

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8
Q

Leading cause of death and disability for people under 35 yo

A

Traumatic brain injury

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9
Q

Incidence of TBI (w vs m)

A

78,8% MEN vs 21,2% WOMEN

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10
Q

65 000 new cases every year in Canada, of these:

  • 20% ___
  • 10 to 20% ____
  • And the the others (50%) ____
A

Die
Survive with severe impairments, no independent living
Learn to live with various disorders

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11
Q

Incidence of TBI (age group)

A

1 is the 15-24 years old

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12
Q

Incidence (sports vs assaults vs motor vehicle)

A

20% sports
9% assault
28% motor vehicle

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13
Q

2 types of TBI

A

Penetrating head injury

“Closed head” injury

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14
Q

Penetrating head injury

A

Where brain tissue is damaged by an object such as a knife, a bullet or bone fragments that has pierced the skull and dura mater

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15
Q

Closed head injury

A

Injury in which the skull and dura mater are not breached

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16
Q

When there is damage at both sides of impact

A

Coup contre-coup injury

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17
Q

TBI damage can also be described as (2 categories)

A

focal or diffuse

18
Q

focal injury

A

Injury confined to a specific area of the brain causing localized damage

19
Q

diffuse injury

A

Injury is characterized by damage throughout the brain

20
Q

Causes of TBI (4)

A

Hematoma
Hemorrhage
Diffuse axonal injury
Contusions

21
Q

What happens during a TBI? (2 things)

A
  • Nerve fibers within specific areas of the brain are severed
  • Nerve fibers are stretched which results in inefficient and slowed functioning
22
Q

Hematoma

A

Collection of blood outside blood vessels

23
Q

Intracerebral hematoma

A

Bleeding within the brain tissue itself

24
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

Bleeding can occur outside the brain

25
Q

Hemorrhage

A

Bleeding directly into brain tissue

26
Q

Diffuse axonal injury

A

Results from a tearing of nerve bundles and/or stretching of blood vessels

27
Q

Contusions

A

Bruises that cause swelling and bleeding resulting in tissue damage

28
Q

Coup

A

brain injury at the point of impact (primary impact)

29
Q

Contrecoup

A

brain injury is opposite to the point of contact (secondary impact)

30
Q

Hemineglect syndrome

A

Right parietal lobe damage (like the left side of the world doesn’t exist for the person, ex: clock drawing)

31
Q

Degrees of severity

A
  1. Confusion
  2. Coma
  3. Cerebral death
32
Q

Confusion (a clouding of consciousness)

A

Thinking process is decreased
Inattention, disorientation
Speech is affected

33
Q

Coma (cannot be aroused by strong sensory stimuli)

A

Can affect IQ
Decrease metabolic activity of the brain (no sleep)
Lead to amnesia

34
Q

Cerebral death (the body is alive but not the brain)

A

The brain is no longer able to regulate body function

35
Q

TBI symptoms - Medical

A

Headaches, risk of seizures, changes in appetite, fatigue (both mental and physical)

36
Q

TBI symptoms - Physical

A

Balance issues, lack of coordination, muscle weakness or paralysis, muscle rigidity/spasticity

37
Q

TBI symptoms - Senses

A

Over-sensitivity, vision problems, sensitivity to noise, changes to sense of smell and taste, single-sided neglect

38
Q

TBI symptoms - Thoughts and communication

A

Can affect organization of thoughts or ability to find words and communicate clearly

39
Q

TBI symptoms - Behavior and personality

A

Irritability or mood swings, depression, anxiety, agitation, impaired judgment, lack of insight or awareness of problems, trouble sleeping

40
Q

Difference between effects of TBI and stroke on body functions

A

Brain damage after TBI is more widespread than stroke

41
Q

Can the recovery process occur for more than 2 years post TBI?

A

YES, recovery process may take more than 2 years

42
Q

Is there a relation between length of coma and level of motor severity?

A

Yes, longer the coma, greater the motor severity