1.3

Question 1

Taxonomy

Answer 1

Science of classifying/ naming biological organisms

Question 2

Phylogeny

Answer 2

Study of evolutionary relationships between organisms

Question 3

what do taxonomists use to make classifications

Answer 3

genotypes, phenotypes, phylogenetic info

Question 4

what have taxonomists been using to guide groupings for microbes

Answer 4

increasingly used phylogeny and used phenotype less

Question 5

Order of hierarchial groups

Answer 5

domain
kindom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Question 6

what groups do bacteria not really use

Answer 6

kingdom, use eubacteria

Question 7

what did carl linnaeus do

Answer 7

made a system of classification with the 2 names: genus and species

Question 8

what was system of classification for

Answer 8

minimize chaos, define structure to be used when new species are discovered

Question 9

what us the purpose of scientific names

Answer 9

describe characteristics
honour a scientist
describe physical properties/ appearance

Question 10

subspecies

Answer 10

finer classification after species

Question 11

biovar or biotype

Answer 11

physiological biochemically distinct from other members of species

Question 12

serovar or serotype

Answer 12

based on surface antigens

Question 13

example of organism whos name based on an important feature

Answer 13

STEG ( shiga toxin producing e. coli)

Question 14

strain

Answer 14

specific isolate of a genetic variant or subtype

Question 15

what is O157: H7

Answer 15

a serotype of ecoli that gives chickenpox

Question 16

what does taxonomy do for us

Answer 16

brings order to chaos
give mfs the means to make prediction about a organisms characteristics

Question 17

phylogenic trees

Answer 17

predicted evolutionary relationships

Question 18

phylogenic tree time

Answer 18

left(root) to right(modern)

Question 19

phylogenic tree branches

Answer 19

show evolutionary history unique to connecting lineages

Question 20

phylogenic trees branch length

Answer 20

show evolutionary distance between nodes

Question 21

what DNA sequences are taxonomists looking for

Answer 21

highly conserved genes with highly conserved functions that accumulate mutations slowly over time

Question 22

what is a conserved feature of all organisms on earth

Answer 22

ribosome

Question 23

what sequence is commonly sequenced to infer phylogenic relationship

Answer 23

rRNA of the SSU of the ribosome

Question 24

rRNA

Answer 24

ribosoml RNA

Question 25

SSU

Answer 25

small subunit

Question 26

what are variable regions vs conserved regions of SSU rRNA useful for?

Answer 26

variable regions useful for identifying relationships
conserved useful for PCR

Question 27

how is 16S rDNA used to identify and classify bacteria

Answer 27

1) isolate genomic DNA
2) PCR primer used to bind conserved regions of 16S rDNA
3) PCR amplify and sequence 16S DNA,
4)align and analyze sequences

Question 28

how can gene sequencing via PCR be made better

Answer 28

compare sequences of multiple conserved genes

Question 29

Limitations of phylogenic trees

Answer 29

-they are predictions: can only infer them, dont know them
-HGT confuses things: foreign DNA may be mixed with ancestral
-Aquired DNA may undergo homolohous recombination: replaced with homologous genes of another organism
-selective pressure: DNA mutates at different rates in different species

Question 30

HGT

Answer 30

horizontal gene transfer