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MHD VI: Pulm > 12.7: Mycology I > Flashcards

12.7: Mycology I Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of fungi?

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • Nucleus / nuclear membrane / chromosomes
  • Rigid chitin cell wall
  • Cytoplasmic organelles
  • Ergosterol is main sterol
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2
Q

Only microorganisms with chitin in cell wall?

A

Fungi

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3
Q

How can fungi produce a sexually?

A
  1. Single celled yeast bud
  2. Hyphae break off and grow on own
  3. Hyphae can also produce fruiting bodies: spores
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4
Q

What is mycelium?

A

Collection of multiple hyphae

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5
Q

What forms of fungi produce hyphae?

A

Mould

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6
Q

What forms of fungi produce Blastoconidia / germ tubes?

A

Yeast

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7
Q

What is dimorphism?

A

Fungi can take on mould or yeast form

  1. Yeast at 35 degrees in body fluid
  2. Mold at 25 degrees in lab temp
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8
Q

2 main types of spores?

A
  1. Sporangiospores: Zygomycete species
    - Sack full of spores that will burst
  2. Conidia: Aspergillus species
    - Strings of spores
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9
Q

Structure of Sporangiospores?

A
  • Column known as sporangiophore comes off hyphae
  • Sack on end known as sporangium
  • Sporangiospores contained inside
  • Sack will burst to release spores
  • **Seen in Zygomycete species
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10
Q

Structure of Conidia?

A
  • Column known as conidiophore comes off hyphae
  • Vesicle swells off conidiophore with tubular phialides on end
  • Conidia come off this like string of spores
  • **Seen in aspergillus species
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11
Q

What are arthroconidia?

A
  • Pieces of hyphae that break off to form sporing structure
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12
Q

Why do humans need to eat so much?

A

Takes a lot of energy to keep body temp up

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13
Q

Why are humans immune to some fungi?

A
  • Our body temp is to warm for them to grow

- May have protected us from fungi in time of dinosaurs

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14
Q

How can fungal infection be spread?

A
  1. Human to human: athletes food
  2. From environment
  3. Contact with animals
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15
Q

What is found in bird droppings?

A

Cryptococcus

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16
Q

Pathogenesis of fungi?

A
  • Use adhesions to stick to mucus membrane

- Invade via trauma, inhalation, catheters

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17
Q

Histoplasm interaction with macs?

A
  • Are phagocytosed but multiply in macs
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18
Q

What type of immunity is needed to prevent fungal infection?

A
  • Cellular immunity needed to eradicate infection

- Humoral immunity not protective

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19
Q

What is most common fungal pathogen?

A
  • Candida

- Normal flora of GI/GU

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20
Q

When is germ tube found?

A
  • Only in candida albicans
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21
Q

Only candida not producing hyphae?

A
  • Glabrata
  • Associated with UTIs
  • Resistant to fluconazole
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22
Q

Candid associated with HIV?

A

C. Dubliniensis

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23
Q

Go to drug for candida infections?

A
  • Fluconazole

* **Glabrata is resistant

24
Q

Pathogenesis of candida?

A
  1. Mucosal adherance
  2. Lytic enzymes for keratin for invasion of epithelium
    3 Bind to fibrin/collagen using adhesin
  3. Bind to C3b making unavailable for opsonization
25
Q

Host defenses for candida?

A
  1. Intact skin
  2. Normal GI flora: bost antibiotic infection
  3. Candid cell wall manin activating complement path, IgG, and hypersensitivity
26
Q

What cells are key in defending from candida?

A

Neuts and macs

27
Q

What is mucocutaneous forms of candida associated with?

A

Defect in cell mediated immunity

28
Q

What is systemic forms of candida associated with?

A

Neutropenia

29
Q

Risk factors of candida?

A
  1. Antibiotics
  2. Corticosteroids
    3, Diabetes
  3. Low T cell function
  4. Stress
  5. Pregnancy
30
Q

Where can candida effect?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Nails
  3. Thrush
  4. Vagina
  5. Eyes
  6. Esophagus
  7. Systemic: heart, lungs etc
31
Q

What is thrush?

A

Fungal (yeast) infection of mouth and tongue causing white patches

32
Q

What is chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis?

A
  • Hereditary T cell deficiency
  • Consistent fungal infections from infancy
  • Thrush and diaper rash first signs
  • Disfiguring rashes
33
Q

What is candida endophthalmitis?

A
  • Candida infection of eye that can lead to blindness
34
Q

Lab diagnosis of candida albicans?

A
  • Production of germ tube
  • Calcofluor stain from chitin in cell wall
  • Poor gram stain with pseudohyphae
  • White smooth colony on sabouraud dextrose agar
35
Q

What is yeast with pseudohyphae indicative of?

A

Invasive yeast infection in contrast to normal flora of body

36
Q

Most common mold?

A
  • Aspergillus
  • Mold that is in air we note in summer air counts
  • Count inside should be lower than outside
37
Q

Aspergillus characteristics?

A
  • Rapidly growing mold w/ septate hyphae and dichotomous branching
  • Found in soil, air, construction dust and inhaled
38
Q

Clinical manifestations of aspergillus?

A
  1. Allergy from high spore count inair
  2. Fungus ball in preexisting cavity
  3. Systemic infection
39
Q

Common specie for aspergillus? ID?

A

“Fumigatus”

  • Blue green fuzzy mold on agar
  • Conidiophores on microscopy
40
Q

What are mucormycosis?

A

“Angiotropic”

- Blood vessel invading fungi that are very deadly

41
Q

What is the most common mucormycosis?

A
  • Rhizopus
  • Causes acute, often fatal infection
  • Invade vessels leading to ischemia, necrosis, and infarc
  • Lead to black puss formation
42
Q

Who is at risk for Rhizopus?

A
  1. HSC transplan/ solid organ
  2. Granulocytopenia
  3. Acidosis in diabetics
43
Q

What should not be administered in mucormycosis?

A
  • Fe or blood products
44
Q

How is mucormycosis treated?

A
  • Surgery to debride tissues

- Often very disfiguring

45
Q

Mucormycosis Diagnosis?

A
  • Ribbon like structure with no septum
  • Branch at 90 angle
  • Wooly white and gray growth
  • Express sporangia containing sporangiospores
46
Q

Another term for Dermatophytosis?

A

“Ringworm”

  • Fungal infection of keratinized structure: skin, hair, nails
  • Invasive growth is rare
  • Transmitted by close personal contact
47
Q

Another name for ringworm?

A

Dermatophytosis

48
Q

3 genre of Dermatophytes?

A
  1. Epidermophyton
  2. Microsporum
  3. Trichophyton
49
Q

Appearance of Dermatophytosis?

A
  • Circular rash with inflammation greatest at periphery
50
Q

How to collect sample of Dermatophytosis?

A
  • Scrape skin at edge where there is most inflammation / fungus
51
Q

What does “Tinea” before a body part mean?

A
  • Dermatophytosis of that body part
52
Q

Most common form of Dermatophytosis?

A

“Tinea Pedis” / “Athlete’s foot”

  • Weeping peeling lesion between toes
  • Itching and burning of feet
53
Q

What is tinea capitis?

A
  • Dermatophytosis of hair / scalp
54
Q

What is tinea cruris?

A

Infection of groin area: Jock itch

55
Q

Diagnosis of Dermatophytosis?

A
  • White wooly on one side of plate, red on other

- Candida seen on microscopy

MHD VI: Pulm (20 decks)

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