12- respiration

Question 1

mitochondria structure+functions

Answer 1

• make ATP
• double(inner+outer) membrane

inner membrane
- folded cristae to increase SA
- has ATP synthase, ETC carrier
- site of oxidative phosphorylation

intermembrane space
- high proton conc
- protons pumped into intermembrane space
- proton diffuse down gradient between intermembrane space and matrix

matrix
- contains coenzymes for L+K reactions

outer membrane: protein synth

Question 2

role of NAD and FAD

Answer 2

• coenzymes
• helps with
• dehydrogenation
  used in GLK reactions
  carry H ions to ETC

Question 3

why is ATP the universal energy currency

Answer 3

• WATER soluble- easily transported around cell
• ATP loses Pi- hydrolysed by ATPase(stable molecule)
• releases energy immediately
• can be REGENERATED

Question 4

why is actual number of net ATP synthesised less than theoretical number of

Answer 4

• ATP energy used to transport PRODUCTS OF GLYCOLYSIS into mitochondria
• some energy lost as heat / some protons leak from intermembrane space
• glucose might not be completely broken down- intermediates used in diff metabolic processes
• NADH may be used for other reactions

Question 5

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 5

• NADH/FADH releases H
• H splits into proton+electron
• in inner mitochondrial membrane
• electrons pass through ETC, release energy
• protons transferred through inner membrane down PROTON conc gradient(intermembrane space),
• return back through ATP synthase
• ATP produced from ADP+Pi
• chemiosmosis
• O2 acts as final e- acceptor