1.2 Personal Rule and its failure, 1629-40 Flashcards
How did Charles reduce the annual spending? reduced by?
Peace with france in 1629 (Henrietta Maria married) and spain 1630 = reduced costs = £500,000 (1625-29) to less than £70,000 (1630s)
How did Charles I gather revenue during personal rule?
new imposition of tonnage and poundage, receiving feudal payments and revenue from the royal forests. Selling monopolies and the levying of ship money.
What were monopolies?
a patent for one company to dominate production in certain sectors. Charles issued a monopoly for soap production in 1634. He claimed that it would be more efficient and improve quality (it gave him a lot of revenue).
Challenged in 1641 - businesses put out of action due to them.
Prices increased
What was Ship money and why was it controversial?
Ship money! ( traditionally levied only on coastal counties for defence purposes) 1635 extended as national tax till 1640
When parliamentary subsidy worth £70,000 ship money alone gave £200,000 annually = less likely to call P. =caused great resentment. by 1639 amount collected fallen to 20% of what expected. Shows the civil was near lol.
What was the Distraint of Knighthood?
people with land/property worth over £40 a year you are knighted,f they failed to present themselves to Charles’ coronation they were fined. There was brief opposition to it in 1634 (resistance in Yorkshire but failed) . Over 9000 charged = collected £140,000 in 2 years
Hampden case?
Oct 1637 Member of gentry refused to pay tax. - Trial became a test on the legality of ship Money , whih was upheld by 12 judges. = confirmed king could raise taxation without parliamentry approval.
How did charles govern during personal rulle - church and state
1) Religious policy - Appointment of … as… why was it unpopular?
2) Strict adherence to rules enforced - what type of rules and how did it alienate?
1) Laud as archbishop of canterbury. 1632, Arminian. His actions as a bishop of london already pissed of Puritans (P)
Pwrful in prerogative courts of star chamber and high commission.
2) Alienated Puritans. Laudianism focused on ‘beauty of holiness’, throuhg wearing of vestments and the use of usic, candles and alter cloths.
To ensure conformity, measures enforced through use of visitation and supevision through church courts. Used high courts to deprive ppl out of livin gif they didnt follow. ( some puritan emigrate to US, New england)
How did charles govern during personal rulle - church and state
1) Power and influence of puritan gentry limited - how did itt alienate?
2) Changes to the interior of churches - How did it alienate/unpopular
3) Development at court - How and why did catholic influence seem to grow - alinate/unpoplar?
1) Alienated Puritan gentry. Forbid practice of whereby puritan gentry could appoint local inisters.
Prerogative courts used to enforce ththis.
2) More decorated, statues, colours, organs restored = music. Alter moved to east end and railed off. Alaramed puritan +moderate anglicans mnaysay change as catholic.
3) 1635 Papal Ambassador welcomed at court, Queen had her own chapel and catholic preist (vip lol) Encouraged others to worship, including her kiddos. Alientaed Puritans.
Ressistance against ship money
When?
Who?
What?
What was the end of this issue?
When - 1636-7
Who - John Hampden.
What - Refused to pay ship money and began a legal challenge. went to kings prerogative court. kings
- Sig judges decision- 7:5 = narrowo
- many Gentry hostile towards decision
- Showed king could rise taxation without P approval
- the yield from ship oney fell in the follwoing year to 20% of expected amount ( however, war with scots by this point = less focu on collecting)
Puritan Resistance against the policies of Archibishop Laud?
When?
Who?
What?
When - 1637
Who - Defendent ; Prynne (already been prosecuted in 1634) , Bastwick + Burton
What Puritan. Wrote Pamphlet hostile to gov actions. Prosecuted in court of star chamber by laud. Sentence Ears to be chopped and cheeks branded, imprissooned bruh
What is the overall coclusion about resistance during PR
Court cases failed. Reduced amounts of ship money collected not due to campaign but those collecting it h ad other probems (scots)) . Puritans writers punished harshley,
Resistance failed in sort term, but it was the longer term impact that was important. Chrles policies had caused great resentment and this was exacerbated by the treatment of those who resisted. These feeling would be carried to the log parliamment 1640.
Charles was liekly to have problems with scotland becuase…
- He had little understanding of scotland
- He isited once in 1633 to be crowned king of scotland
- He did not trust scottish privy council and instead relied on the advice of a few scottish exiles in london
- Scottish kirk - Calvinist, Presbyterian = very different to church in England.
What events led to Charles recalling parliament in 1640?
- Issuing the Book of Canons in Scotland
- Issuing the English prayer book
- The First Bishops’ War
What was the Book of Canons, 1636?
Instructions about how chruches should be laid out and intro some C of E Practices.
What were the consequences of issuing the English prayer book (1637) in Scotland?
Riot broke out in st Gilea Cathedral (am not gonna remeber that tf)
Disorder spread across the lowlands. In 1638, the Scottish clergy and nobility drew up a national covenant to defend the Kirk and restore their religious rights.
