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DT > 1.2 Performance Characteristics Of Materials > Flashcards

1.2 Performance Characteristics Of Materials Flashcards

1
Q

In what direction do wood fibres grow along?

A

The length of the tree or branch

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2
Q

What do wood fibres consist of?

A

Hollow cells (tracheids) supported by lignin resin.

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3
Q

What part of the timber is strongest and which is weakest?

A

Timber is strong in the direction of the grain (along the grain) and weaker across the grain

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4
Q

What are the two types of seasoning?

A

Air seasoning
Kiln seasoning

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5
Q

How does air seasoning work?

A

Involves stacking the wood under a shelter, protected from the rain.
Air circulates between the planks to slowly remove the excess moisture

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6
Q

Air seasoned wood is used for what type of products and why?

A

Air-seasoned wood is used for outdoor wooden products because it is seasoned to the same moisture content as its surroundings and therefore the wood will be less prone to defects.

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7
Q

How does kiln seasoning work?

A

A more expensive but controlled method which is very quick and can take just a few weeks.
Planks are stacked onto trolleys and placed in the kiln where both temperature and humidity are controlled. Initially, the kiln atmosphere is very steamy but this is graduallly changed to become hotter and drier.

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8
Q

Kiln-dried timber is used for what type of products and why?

A

Indoor products such as furniture will use kiln-seasoned wood because it has been seasoned to meet indoor conditions and will have a lower moisture content than air-dried wood.

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9
Q

What happens is an unseasonaed plank is placed in a heated room?

A

It will twist, warp, cup or bow when drying out and cracks or gaps may appear.

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10
Q

Seasoning the wood gives what advantages?

A

Greater immunity from decay and increased resistance to rot
Increased strength and stability
Helps preservatives to penetrate
Makes wood less corrosive to metals

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11
Q

When ordering wood, how do designers lab it to show how it has been seasoned?

A

Oak air-dried (A-D) : suitable for exterior use
Oak kiln-dried (K-D) : suitable for interior use

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12
Q

When does wood shrink and expand?

A

It expands and shrinks with changes in humidity (the amount of water present in the atmosphere ).

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13
Q

How d you reduce the time taken to season wood to the correct moisture content ?

A

Trees should be felled in the winter when they grow less, have less sap and therefore contain least moisture.
The largest amount of shrinkage occurs after the tree is cut down and while it is being seasoned.

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14
Q

In which direction does wood shrink ?

A

Almost no shrinkage in the direction of the wood’s grain (lengthwise).
Some shrinkage happens radially (perpendicular to the growth rings), with a greater amount of shrinkage occurring tangentially (along the curvature of the growth rings).

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15
Q

What part of the wood loose the most moisture quickest?

A

The ends of the wood tend to lose moisture content more quickly than the core.
Sometimes cracks can appear in the plank ends.

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16
Q

Why must care be taken when seasoning the wood?

A

So that the whole plank will shrink uniformly and usually once the wood has been fully seasoned, any cracks will close as the plank is now in equilibrium throughout.

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17
Q

Why can seasoned wood be susceptible to shrinkage in a house ?

A

Seasonal changes in ambient humidity but this is less of a concern in modern homes where temperatures are fairly constant due to heating and air conditioning systems.

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18
Q

What are the hardwoods?

A

Oak
Ash
Mahogany
Teak
Birch
Beech

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19
Q

What are the softwoods?

A

Pine (European redwood)
Spruce
Douglas fir
Larch
Cedar

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20
Q

What are the manufactured boards?

A

Plywood
Marine plywood
Aeroply
Flexible plywood
Chipboard
MDF

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21
Q

What are the properties and characteristic of oak?

A

Hard
Tough
Attractive grain
Good weather resistance
Contains tannic acid which will corrode steel screws or fixings

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22
Q

What are the properties and characteristic of ash?

A

Tough
Attractive open grain pattern which makes it more flexible

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23
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of mahogany?

A

Can contain interlocking grain, making it more difficult to work
Rich dark red colour

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24
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of teak?

A

Hard
Tough
Straight grain
Natural oils resist moisture
Acids and alkalis

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25
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of birch?

A

Hard
Straight closed grain
Resists warping

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26
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of beech?

A

Tough
Closed grain
Hard
Available in steamed (white colour) and unsteamed (pink tinge)
Does not impart a taste to good

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27
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of pine ?

A

Straight grain
Knotty
Can contain resinous knots

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28
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of spruce?

A

Straight grain
Resistant to splitting

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29
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of douglas fir?

A

Straight or slightly wavy grain
Few knots
Stable
Good resistance to corrosion

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30
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of larch?

A

Hard
Tough
Attractive grain patter fades to silver upon exposure outside
Good resistance to moisture

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31
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of cedar?

A

Straight grain
Con corrode ferrous metals due to acidic nature
Low density
Good sound damping
Good resistance to moisture

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32
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of plywood?

A

Thin layers of wood are placed and glued at 90 degrees to each other and compressed to form the board.
Good strength in all directions
No grain weakness
Always has an odd number of layers

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33
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of marine plywood?

A

Similar construction of plywood but is gap and void free and uses special set water and boil proof glue to provide resistance to moisture
Some higher quality marine plywood is also resistant to fungal attack

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34
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of Aeroply?

A

Plywood made from high quality timer such as birch
Available in very thin sheets
Lightweight
Each to bend around a support frame

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35
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of flexible plywood?

A

An odd number of layers glued together with two out layers made from open grained timer which allow the sheet to flex
Bent and glued around a former to achieve a solid shape

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36
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of chipboard?

A

Wood chips compressed with a resin such as urea formaldehyde

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37
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of MDF?

A

Compressed wood fibres although sometimes urea formaldehyde is added as an additional resin
Two smooth surfaces
Available in other standard grade or veneered with a layer of timer

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38
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of of veneers?

A

Thin slices of wood less than 3mm thick

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39
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of MF laminates?

A

Thin sheets of MF polymer
Hard
Tough
Chemical resistant

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40
Q

What are the uses of oak?

A

Furniture
Flooring

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41
Q

What are the uses of ash?

A

Tool handles
Sports goods

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42
Q

What are the uses of mahogany?

A

Indoor furniture
Shop fittings and cabinets

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43
Q

What are the uses of teak?

A

Outdoor furniture
Laboratory benches

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44
Q

What are the uses of birch?

A

Furniture
Indoor panelling

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45
Q

What are the uses of beech?

A

Chopping boards
Children’s toys

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46
Q

What are the uses of pine?

A

Construction work
Roof beams

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47
Q

What are the uses of spruce?

A

Indoor furniture

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48
Q

What are the uses of larch?

A

Garden furniture
Cladding

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49
Q

What are the uses of cedar?

A

Exterior cladding
Sheds

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50
Q

What are the uses of plywood?

A

Structural work
Desk tops

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51
Q

What are the uses of marine plywood?

A

Boat dashboards
Boat lockers

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52
Q

What are the uses of Aeroply?

A

Gliders
Laminated furniture

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53
Q

What are the uses of flexible plywood?

A

Laminated furniture
Curved panels

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54
Q

What are the uses of chipboard ?

A

Kitchen worktops
Flat pack furniture

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55
Q

What are the uses of MDF?

A

Model making
Furniture items such as bookcases

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56
Q

What are the uses of veneers?

A

Decorative coverings for manufactured boards

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57
Q

What are the uses of MF laminates?

A

Decorative covering for chipboard for kitchen worktops

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58
Q

What part of a wood can be a hazard and form a health risk to workers?

A

The dust and the sap

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59
Q

The toxicity of a wood depends on what?

A

The species of the wood

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60
Q

Due to the dust of woods, what has to be put in place in industry to stop the health risks?

A

Employers should ensure that there is adequate personal protection equipment, extraction and ventilation systems in place

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61
Q

What is rough sawn wood?

A

The wood comes directly from seasoning and has rough surfaces produced from initial conversion.
Rough sawn wood will have nominal sizes rather than accurate finished sizes.

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62
Q

What does PSE stand for?

A

Planed square edge

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63
Q

What is planed square edge wood?

A

Wood that has only one she that is planed accurately and the rest are rough sawn.
Planing removed about 3mm from the original nominal size.

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64
Q

What does PAR stand for ?

A

Planed all round

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65
Q

What is planed all round wood?

A

Wood that has the sides and edges that are all planed square, straight and level, leaving a smooth finish and is ready to use.
The PAR board is about 3mm smaller all round than the original rough sawn nominal size.

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66
Q

When joining planks of wood, what direction should the grains be ?

A

The end grains must go in opposing directions to each other. This is to ensure that the internal forces of the wood do not pull the wood in one direction and the top is joined in equilibrium.

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67
Q

What are the advantages of manufactured boards?

A

Available in long, wide birds of uniform thickness and quality
Very stable, not affected by room temperature and humidity as much as solid wood
Uniform strength across the board, no grain problems
Difficult to split and available in flexible thin sheet form
Generally less expensive than solid wood of a similar size
Veneers can be applied to the surface for enhanced aesthetics

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68
Q

What are some examples of mouldings ?

A

Skirting boards
Wooden trims

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69
Q

What are metals?

A

Naturally occurring material and is mined from the ground in the form of ore.

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70
Q

How is raw metal extracted from the ore?

A

A combination of crushing, smelting and heating, with the addition of chemicals and huge amount of electrical energy

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71
Q

Can metals be recycled ?

A

Most metals can be recycled, saving natural resources and limiting the amount of materials imported from abroad.

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72
Q

What are the non-ferrous metals?

A

Aluminium
Copper
Zinc
Silver
Gold
Titanium
Tin

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73
Q

What are the ferrous metals ?

A

Low carbon steel
Medium carbon steel
Cast iron

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74
Q

What are the ferrous alloys?

A

Stainless steel
High speed steel (HSS)
Die steel ( tool steel )

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75
Q

What are the non-ferrous alloys?

A

Bronze
Brass
Duralumin
Pewter

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76
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of aluminium?

A

Lightweight
Ductile
Malleable
Corrosion resistant
Electrical and thermal conductor
Can be metal inert gas and tungsten inert gas heat welded

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77
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of copper?

A

Ductile
Malleable
Tough
Corrosion resistant
Good electrical and thermal conductor
Can be soldered and brazed

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78
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of zinc?

A

Low melting point
Good corrosion resistance

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79
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of silver?

A

Malleable
Ductile
Corrosion resistant
Can be soldered

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80
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of gold?

A

Malleable
Ductile
Corrosion resistant
Can be soldered

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81
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of titanium?

A

Hard
Similar strength to steels but more lightweight
High resistance to corrosion

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82
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of tin?

A

Ductile
Malleable
Low melting point
Corrosion resistant

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83
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of low carbon steel?

A

Ductile
High tensile strength
Tough
Malleable
Poor resistance to corrosion

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84
Q

What percentage of low carbon steel is carbon content ?

A

0.15-0.30%

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85
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of medium carbon steel?

A

Harder than low carbon steel but less ductile, malleable and tough

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86
Q

What percentage of medium carbon steel is the carbon content ?

A

0.30-0.70%

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87
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of cast iron ?

A

Hard outer skin but brittle core
Good under compression

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88
Q

What percentage of cast iron is carbon ?

A

3.5%

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89
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of stainless steel?

A

Tough
Hard
Corrosion resistant

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90
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of high speed steel?

A

Hard
Tough
High level of resistance to frictional heat

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91
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of die steel?

A

Hard
Tough

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92
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of bronze?

A

Tough
Corrosion resistant
Can be cast

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93
Q

What are the materials in bronze and what percentages do they make up ?

A

90% copper
10% tin

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94
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of brass?

A

Corrosion resistant
Good electrical and thermal conductor
Low melting points
Casts well

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95
Q

What are the materials in brass and what percentages do they make up ?

A

65% copper
35% zinc

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96
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of duralumin?

A

Equivalent strength properties to low carbon steel but more lightweight and ductile
Becomes harder as it is worked

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97
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of pewter?

A

Malleable
Low melting point
Casts well

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98
Q

What materials make up pewter and what are their percentages?

A

85-99% tin
The remainder consists of copper and antimony

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99
Q

What are the uses of aluminium?

A

Drinks cans
Aircraft bodies
Bike frames

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100
Q

What are the uses of copper?

A

Electrical wire
Printed electrical circuits
Water pipes

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101
Q

What are the uses of zinc?

A

Galvanising steel as a protective coating for dustbins
Buckets
Farm gates

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102
Q

What are the uses of silver?

A

Jewellery
Cutlery
Plating other materials

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103
Q

What are the uses of gold?

A

Jewellery
Electronic components
Connectors

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104
Q

What are the uses of titanium?

A

Joint replacements
Tooth implants
Spectacle frames

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105
Q

What are the uses of tin?

A

Soft solder
Coatings for food cans
Rarely used in pure form

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106
Q

What are the uses of low carbon steel?

A

Nuts
Bolts
Car bodies

107
Q

What are the uses of medium carbon steel?

A

Springs
Gardening tools

108
Q

What are the uses of cast iron?

A

Disc brakes
Machine karts
Engine blocks

109
Q

What are the uses of stainless steel?

A

Sinks
Kitchenware
Cutlery

110
Q

What are the uses of high speed steel?

A

Tool blades
Drill bits
Milling cutters

111
Q

What are the uses of die steel?

A

Blanking punches and dies
Extruder dies
Fine press tools

112
Q

What are the uses of bronze?

A

Statues
Coins
Bearings

113
Q

What are the uses of brass?

A

Boats fittings
Door furniture
Casts valves and taps
Ornaments

114
Q

What are the uses of duralumin?

A

Aircraft parts
Vehicle parts

115
Q

What are the uses of pewter?

A

Tankards
Flasks
Goblets
Photo frames

116
Q

If a stricken from is more complex or uses more material, what does this mean for the price ?

A

It is more expensive

117
Q

What are the 5 stock forms for metals ?

A

Sheet
Plate
Bar
Tube
Structural

118
Q

How are polymers made?

A

Via fractional distillation of crude oil which produces fractions containing a mixture of hydrocarbons.
The hydrocarbons undergo cracking, which breaks the large hydrocarbons down into smaller and more useful forms.
Polymers are made by either the polymerisation or polycondensation process, in which monomers are linked together to form long chains of molecules.

119
Q

What are the three classification groups of polymers ?

A

Thermoplastics
Thermosetting polymers
Elastomers

120
Q

What are bio-based polymers designed for?

A

To have a much shorted degradation time than the synthetic polymers made from crude oil.

121
Q

Why are polymers considered to be self-finishing ?

A

Because they can be pigmented during the manufacture process to give colour and therefore require no additional secondary finishing processes.

122
Q

What are the available stock forms for polymers ?

A

Granules
Sheet
Film
Rods (and other extruded forms)
Tubes
Bars
Foam
Powder

123
Q

What is meant by the safe working temperature of polymers ?

A

It should be noted because it is the temperature deemed safe for processing without possible degradation of the polymer properties

124
Q

What are the 9 thermoplastics?

A

Low density polyethylene (LDPE)
High density polyethylene (HDPE)
Polypropylene (PP)
High impact polystyrene (HIPS)
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
Polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA)
Nylon
Rigid polyvinyl chloride (uPVC)
Flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

125
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of LDPE?

A

Very tough
Good chemical resistance
Weatherproof
Available in translucent
Low levels of rigidity

126
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of HDPE?

A

Available in translucent form
Weatherproof
Tough
Good chemical resistance

127
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of PP?

A

Available in translucent
Good chemical resistance
Tough
Good fatigue resistance

128
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of HIPS?

A

Hard
Rigid
Available in translucent
Tough

129
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of ABS?

A

Extremely tough
Hard
Available in opaque

130
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of PMMA?

A

Tough
Hard
Good chemical resistance
Available in translucent

131
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of nylon ?

A

Tough
Corrosion resistant
Good temperature resistance
Low coefficient of friction

132
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of uPVC?

A

Rigid
Opaque
Tough
Hard
Good weathering resistance
Good chemical resistance
Fire retardant

133
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of PVC?

A

Available in translucent
Tough
Flexible
Good weathering resistance
Good chemical resistance

134
Q

What are the uses of LDPE?

A

Squeezy detergent bottles
Toys
Carrier bags
Bin liners
General packaging
Food wrap film
Food trays

135
Q

What are the uses of HDPE?

A

Chemical drums
Jerry cans
Toys
Household and kitchenware
Long life carrier bags
Buckets
Bowls

136
Q

What are the uses of PP?

A

Rope
Folders
Folio cases
Food containers
Medical equipment
Hinged containers lids

137
Q

What are the uses of HIPS?

A

Yoghurt pots
Refrigerator linings
Single use drink cups
Toilet seats
Instrument control knobs

138
Q

What are the uses of ABS?

A

Telephone handsets
Lego bricks
Rigid luggage
Domestic appliances
Calculator casings

139
Q

What are the uses of PMMA?

A

Car light casings
Computer numerically controlled laser cut items
Lighting units
Lighting covers
Baths

140
Q

What are the uses of nylon ?

A

Bearings
Gears
Curtain rails
Textiles

141
Q

What are the uses of uPVC?

A

Window frames
External doors
Guttering and down pipes for buildings
Water service pipes
Bank cards

142
Q

What are the uses of PVC?

A

Hose pipes
Cable insulation
Medical grade tubing
Inflatable products

143
Q

What are the 4 thermosetting polymers?

A

Urea formaldehyde (UF)
Melamine formaldehyde (MF)
Polyester resin
Epoxy resin

144
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of urea formaldehyde?

A

Hard
Heat resistant
Good electrical insulator
Brittle

145
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of melamine formaldehyde ?

A

Hard
Opaque
Tough
Heat resistant
Food safe
Chemical resistant

146
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of polyester resin?

A

Rigid
Heat resistant
Chemical resistant
Brittle

147
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of epoxy resin?

A

Rigid
Clear
Hard
Tough
Chemical resistant

148
Q

What are the uses of urea formaldehyde?

A

Electrical fittings
Adhesives

149
Q

What are the uses of melamine formaldehyde?

A

Decorative laminates
Picnic ware
Buttons

150
Q

What are the uses of polyester resin?

A

Castings
Used in lay-up process for glass reinforced plastic for boat hulls
Car parts
Chair seats

151
Q

What are the uses of epoxy resin?

A

Adhesives
Surface coatings
Encapsulation of electrical components
Cardiac pacemakers

152
Q

What are elastomers?

A

The ability to be stretched to many times their original length and then, upon the removal of the tension, return to their original shape.

153
Q

What are the four elastomers?

A

Natural rubber
Butadiene rubber (BR)
Neoprene
Silicone

154
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of natural rubber?

A

High tensile strength
Low elongation
Good hardness compared to other elastomers
Tough
Electrical insulator
Good cold resistance

155
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of butadiene rubber?

A

Tough
Excellent weather resistance against friction
Good thermal resistance against friction
Electrical conductor

156
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of neoprene?

A

Good thermal resistance
Toughness
Good oil and chemical resistance
Excellent weather resistance
Good abrasion resistance
Electrical insulator

157
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of silicone?

A

Good flexibility at low temperatures
Poor abrasion resistance
Good thermal resistance
Good resistance to temperature extremes
Good weather resistance
Good lubricating qualities
Electrical insulator

158
Q

What are the uses of natural rubber?

A

Automotive industry such as tyres, tubes, hoses, gaskets, belts, balloons, toys and footwear

159
Q

What are the uses of butadiene rubber?

A

Vehicle tyres, shoe soles, toys, conveyor belts, water and pneumatic hoses

160
Q

What are the uses of neoprene?

A

Wetsuits
Laptop cases
Industrial wire insulation

161
Q

What are the uses of silicone?

A

Flexible ice cube trays and bakeware
Cooking utensils
Seals for refrigerators
Sealants
Tubing for drug delivery systems

162
Q

What are most polymers produced from ?

A

Non-renewable resources such as crude oil, which do not break down easily

163
Q

What is an alternative resource to crude oil that you can use to make polymers?

A

Natural and renewable resources such as wood (cellulose), vegetable oils, sugar and starch

164
Q

Due to technological advancements, what does this mean for the manufacture of polymers?

A

Manufacturers are making use of bio-polymers and biodegradable polymers due to an increased environmental awareness.

165
Q

What two categories can bio-polymers be split into?

A

Natural
Synthetic

166
Q

What are natural bio-polymers?

A

Made from natural materials such as cellulose, starch and polysaccharides

167
Q

What are synthetic bio-polymers?

A

Made from renewable resources but chemically engineered to break down more quickly.

168
Q

When does polymer degradation occur?

A

When the polymer undergoes a significant change in properties due to the influence of chemicals, heat or light.

169
Q

What are the two main descriptions for biodegradable polymers?

A
  1. The polymer is made from finite resources such as crude oil. The polymer contains additives that cause it to degrade more quickly than traditional polymers, for example in less than 5 years. Degradation occurs in the presence of light (photodegradable), oxygen (oxy-degradable) or water (hydro-degradable).
  2. Degradation occurs because of the action of micro-organisms which convert the material into water, carbon dioxide, biomass and possibly methane. Some polymers degrade in a few weeks while others may take several months. The ability of a polymer to biodegrade is dependent on the structure of the polymer rather than the origin of the raw material.
170
Q

What are oxy-degradable polymers and how do they biodegrade?

A

The polymer break down into a fine powder with exposure to oxygen and is subsequently degraded by the action of micro-organisms. The length of the time for oxy-degradable polymers to degrade can be ‘programmed’ during the manufacture and ranges from a few months to a few years.

171
Q

What are photodegradable polymers and how do they biodegrade ?

A

The polymer bonds are weakened and the polymer breaks down with exposure to ultraviolet light, which as UV rays from sunlight.

172
Q

What industry are photodegradable polymers often used in?

A

The agriculture industry where the ground is covered by the polymer sheet, which acts as a mulch to prevent weed grouts when growing crops. As the sheet slowly degrades, weed growth halts, therefore decreasing the need for herbicides. The sheet also helps hold water in the ground and extends the growing season by insulating the ground.

173
Q

What are hydro-degradable polymers and how do they work?

A

The polymer breaks down with exposure to water and subsequently micro-organisms. Hydro-degradable polymers tend to degrade more quickly than oxy-degradable polymers.

174
Q

What are the 7 implications of the use of bio-polymers and biodegradable polymers?

A
  1. Biodegradable polymers can produce methane gas when they decompose in landfill. Methane gas is a greenhouse gas, which contributes to global warming.
  2. Biodegradable polymers can take high temperatures to decompose and may leave behind toxic residues.
  3. Natural bio-polymers need land to grow the crops to make them. This could result in traditional agricultural land being lost to ‘grow polymers’. The loss of land could lead to an increase in food costs for the consumer.
  4. Natural bio-polymers could be made from genetically modified crops.
  5. Bio-polymers and biodegradable polymers cannot be recycled. Their use may not encourage people to recycle and may contribute to a throw-away culture.
  6. Bio-polymers and biodegradable polymers can be processed in the same way as thermoplastics.
  7. The terms ‘bio-polymer’ and ‘biodegradable polymer’ have different meaning which may help confusing to the lay person, potentially making it harder for them to make a positive environmental choice when shopping.
175
Q

What are the 7 biodegradable polymers?

A

Corn starch polymer
Potatopak
Biopol
Polylactide
Polyhydroxyalkanoate
Lactide
Glycolide

176
Q

What type of bio-polymer is corn starch polymer?

A

Natural

177
Q

What type of bio-polymer is potatopak ?

A

Natural

178
Q

What type of bio-polymer is biopol?

A

Natural

179
Q

What type of bio-polymer is polylactide acid?

A

Synthetic

180
Q

What type of bio-polymer is lactide?

A

Synthetic

181
Q

What type of bio-polymer is polyhydroxyalkanoate?

A

Natural

182
Q

What type of bio-polymer is glycolide?

A

Synthetic

183
Q

What is the source of corn starch polymer?

A

Make from high starch vegetables such as corn, potatoes and maize

184
Q

What is the source of potatopak?

A

Made from potato starch

185
Q

What is the source of biopol?

A

Made from bacteria grown in cultures

186
Q

What is the source of polylactide acid?

A

Made from corn kernels or cane sugar, fermented to produce lactic acid, then synthesised to produce polylactic acid

187
Q

What is the source of polyhydroxyalkanoate?

A

Made from bacteria grown in cultures

188
Q

What is the source of lactide?

A

PLA and cellulose based

189
Q

What is the source of glycolide?

A

PLA and cellulose

190
Q

What are some uses of corn starch polymer?

A

Packaging products
Straws
Vending cups

191
Q

What are some uses of potatopak?

A

Single use food items such as bowls
Packaging beads
Bin bags

192
Q

What are some uses of biopol?

A

Packaging products such as film carrier bags
Vending cups
Nappies

193
Q

What are some uses of polylactide acid?

A

Packaging
Single use bottles
Carrier bags
Plant pots

194
Q

What are some uses of polyhydroxyalkanoate!

A

Medical uses such as slow release medication patches
Films
Screws

195
Q

What are some uses of lactide?

A

Biomedical applications
Slow release medication
bone repair fixings

196
Q

What are some uses of glycolide?

A

Food film
Bags
Bins bags
Flower wrap

197
Q

What is a composite material?

A

A material comprised of two or more different materials, resulting in a material with enhanced properties.

198
Q

What are the 8 composite materials?

A

CFRP - carbon fibre reinforced plastic
GRP - glass reinforced plastic
Tungsten carbide
Aluminium composite board
Concrete
Reinforced concrete
Fibre cement
Engineered wood

199
Q

What is carbon fibre reinforced plastic?

A

Carbon fibres mixed with polyester resin or epoxy resin

200
Q

What is glass reinforced plastic?

A

Glass fibres mixed with polyester resin

201
Q

What is tungsten carbide?

A

A cermet (mixture of ceramic and metal particles)
Ceramic tungsten and cobalt metal

202
Q

What is aluminium composite board ?

A

Aluminium sheets with polyethylene core.

203
Q

What is concrete?

A

Cement powder, sand, aggregate particles mixed with water

204
Q

What is reinforced concrete?

A

Cement powder, sand, aggregate particles and low carbon steel robs mixed with water

205
Q

What is fibre cement ?

A

Cement powder, sand, aggregate particles and polymer or steel fibres mixed with water

206
Q

What is engineered wood?

A

Timer laminates and MF adhesive

207
Q

What are the properties of CFRP?

A

Lightweight
Corrosion resistant
Tough
Hard
Good compressive strength
Low thermal expansion

208
Q

What are the properties of GRP?

A

Lightweight
Correction resistant
Tough
Hard
Low thermal expansion
Good compressive strength

209
Q

What are the properties of tungsten carbide ?

A

Hard
Tough
Resistant to high temperatures
Corrosion resistant

210
Q

What are the properties of aluminium composite board?

A

Lightweight
Rigid
Tough
Malleable
Good thermal and sound insulation
Good vibration damping

211
Q

What are the properties of concrete?

A

Hugh compression strength
Low tensile strength
Few surface defects
Easy to mould

212
Q

What are the properties of reinforced concrete?

A

High compression and tensile strength
Consistency across the structure
Few surface defects
Fire resistant

213
Q

What are the properties of fibre cement ?

A

Lighter in weight than reinforced concrete
Hard
Tough
Good at low temperatures and freeze/thaw situations

214
Q

What are the properties of engineered wood?

A

Good aesthetics
Natural alternative to reinforced concretes
More lightweight than concrete alternatives
Fire resistant
Good structural stability
Corrosion proof

215
Q

What are the uses of CFRP?

A

Sports equipment
Racing car bodies and parts
Helmets
Prosthetics

216
Q

What are the uses of GFP?

A

Boat hulls
Ping liners
Kayak shells
Sports car bodies

217
Q

What are the uses of tungsten carbide?

A

Cutting tools such as drill bits, lathe tool tips, router bits
Kitchen knives

218
Q

What are the uses of aluminium composite board?

A

Sound-proofing panels in cars, buildings and boats
Signage

219
Q

What are the uses of concrete?

A

Pathways
Beams
Blocks
Driveways
House foundations

220
Q

What are the uses of reinforced concrete?

A

Buildings
Bridge piles and bridge spans
Retaining walls
Grid floors

221
Q

What are the uses of fibre cement ?

A

Suspended floors
Complex geometric shapes
Pathways

222
Q

What are the uses of engineered wood?

A

Beams
Bridges
Domes
Arches
Decking

223
Q

What is a smart material?

A

Material whose physical properties change in response to an input or change in environment, such as electricity, pressure, temperature or light.

224
Q

What are 3 common uses of shape memory alloys?

A
  1. Response in change in temperature, for example triggers for fire alarm systems, sprinkler systems, hot water valves in showers, industrial greenhouse windows
  2. Repair of the malformed or damaged produced, for example spectacle frames which have been diapered can return to their original shape when heated to the transition temperature.
  3. A movement response from an electrical signal, for example artificial muscles in robot arms, electric door locks
225
Q

What are the 6 smart materials ?

A

Shape memory alloys
Thermochromic pigment
Phosphorescent pigment
Photochromic pigment
Electroluminescent wire
Piezoelectric material

226
Q

How do shape memory alloys work?

A

Changes in shape in response to a change temperature or electrical input

227
Q

How does thermochromic pigment work?

A

Changed colour in response to temperature change

228
Q

How does phosphorescent pigment work?

A

Absorbs light energy during the day and re-emits the light energy when it is dark.

229
Q

How does photochromic pigment work?

A

Changes colour with light intensity

230
Q

How does electroluminescent wire work?

A

Thin copper wire coated in phosphorescent material which glows in response to an alternating current

231
Q

How does piezoelectric material work?

A

Gives off a small electrical charge when deformed.
Increases in size when an electrical current is passed through it.

232
Q

What are the uses of shape memory alloys?

A

Dental braces
Self closing windows
Aeroplane wing flaps

233
Q

What are the uses of thermochromic pigment?

A

Room thermometers
Medical thermometers for children
Colour change mugs and kettles

234
Q

What are the uses of phosphorescent pigment?

A

Fire exit signs
Glow in the dark products
Night lights

235
Q

What are the uses of photochromic pigment?

A

Welding goggles
Reactive spectacle lenses
Security markers that show under UV light

236
Q

What are the uses of electroluminescent wire?

A

Glow bracelets
Interweaving for clothing
Home decoration
Outdoor decorative lighting

237
Q

What are the uses of piezoelectric material?

A

Airbag sensors in cars
Lighters for barbecues
Pressure sensors

238
Q

How are modern materials developed?

A

Through the invention of new or improved processes.

239
Q

What are the 4 modern materials?

A

Kevlar
Precious metal clay (PMC)
High density modelling foam
Polymorph

240
Q

What are the features of kevlar?

A

Aramid fibres with high cut and heat resistant properties

241
Q

What are the features of precious metal clay?

A

Clay consistency material made up of fine metal particles.
Works like ceramic clay, easily mouldable, easy to shape and form, sets hard once fired with a kiln or butane torch.
Inexpensive compared to solid metals such as silver.

242
Q

What are the features of high density modelling foam?

A

Polyurethane closed cell foam blocks or sheets.
Lightweight, easy to work using traditional woodworking tools, CNC miller/router, sands easily to allow intricate shapes and forms to be created.

243
Q

What are the features of polymorph?

A

Granules which become mouldable at about 60 degrees Celsius.
Can be heated in water or with a hair dryer. Solidifies at room temperature.
Available in liquid form. Liquid at room temperature and solidifies at 2 degrees Celcius.

244
Q

What are the uses of kevlar?

A

Body armour
Cut-proof gloves and aprons
Aerospace applications
Surfboard components
Puncture-resistant bicycles tyres

245
Q

What are the uses of precious metal clay?

A

jewellery
decorative items
small sculptures
fobs

246
Q

What are the uses of high density modelling foam?

A

3D modelling
Prototypes

247
Q

What are the uses of polymorph?

A

Modelling
Shaping ergonomic handles
Prototype mechanical parts

248
Q

What processes can you do with papers and boards?

A

Scoring
Cutting
Folding

249
Q

What is the original source of paper? What colour is it?

A

wood pulp, which is grey in colour

250
Q

How is grey wood pulp turned into a whiter colour?

A

During manufacture, bleaches are added to transform the grey pulp into a white paper.

251
Q

What are the 13 different types of paper?

A

Layout paper
Cartridge paper
Tracing paper
Bleed-proof paper
Treated paper
Watercolour paper
Corrugated card
Bleached card
Mount board
Duplex card
Foil backed and laminated card
Metal effect card
Moulded paper pulp

252
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of layout paper?

A

thin translucent paper with a smooth surface

253
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of cartridge paper?

A

Off-white paper usually with a slightly textured surface

254
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of tracing paper?

A

translucent paper slightly thicker than layout paper

255
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of bleed-proof paper?

A

Similar to cartridge paper but has a bleed-proof layer on one side so colours do not run

256
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of treated paper?

A

Plain paper with a clear binder or dye layer applied to help hold the image on the paper surface and brighten the image. Surface sheens such as high gloss or matt available.

257
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of watercolour paper?

A

Available in absorbent, smooth, hot-pressed or the more textured cold-pressed and heavily textured rough.

258
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of corrugated card?

A

Usually with carton board outer layers and a corrugated middle layer, giving the material the ability to provide protection against impact.

259
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of bleached card?

A

Chemically treated to brighten the surface to make it suitable for high-quality printing.

260
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of mount card?

A

Made from compressed fine cotton fibres to produce a rigid board

261
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of duplex card?

A

Made up of two layers of paper, with the exterior often coated to make it more water-resistant and to give it a glossy sheen and waxy feel.

262
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of foil backed and laminated card?

A

Card with polymer film or foil applied to either one side or both sides to provide a water resistant and/or heat insulating layer.
The foil or laminate layer must be removed before recycling the paper pulp.

263
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of metal effect card?

A

High quality card with a thin metal effect layer applied to the outer surface for enhanced aesthetics.
Can be embossed.

264
Q

What are the properties and characteristics of moulded paper pulp?

A

Recycled paper pulp moulded when wet and dried to a specific shape.
Usually smooth on the visible inside surface and rough textured on the outer surface.

DT (10 decks)

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