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Sinclair Paramedic 2150 > 12- Endocrine > Flashcards

12- Endocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between the Endocrine and Nervous systems

A

Endocrine- Controls body through hormones

Nervous- Controls body through electrical impulses

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2
Q

Characteristics of Endocrine system (4)

A
  1. No ducts
  2. Secretes hormones directly into blood stream
  3. Widespread (systemic) effects
  4. Fundamental structural unit of endocrine system
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3
Q

Characteristics of the Exocrine system (4)

A
  1. Has ducts
  2. Releases hormones through ducts
  3. Have a local effect
  4. Majority are exocrine
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4
Q

What is a Hormone

A

A chemical that causes a receptor cell to respond, usually wide spread effects

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5
Q

What is negative feedback

A

-Hormone is produced
-It works
-Another hormone is released to stop it
Most used feedback system in the body

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6
Q

What is positive feedback

A
  • Low hormone level is produced
  • It doesn’t work
  • More hormone is released
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7
Q

List the glands in the brain (3)

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Pineal

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8
Q

List the glands in the neck (2)

A

Thyroid

Parathyroid

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9
Q

List the gland in the chest

A

Thymus

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10
Q

List the glands in the abdomen (2)

A

Adrenal

Pancreas

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11
Q

List the gland in the pelvis

A

Gonads

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12
Q

List the 4 Cell types of the pancreas

A

Alpha Islets of Langerhans
Beta Islets of Langerhans
Delta cells
F cells

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13
Q

What is the role of Alpha Islets of Langerhans

A

Secrete glucagon to raise blood sugar

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14
Q

What is the role of Beta Islets of Langerhans

A

Secrete insulin which gives a path for glucose to enter cells and reduces BGL

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15
Q

What is the role of Delta Cells

A

Secrete somatostatin which inhibits the secretion of glucagon and insulin

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16
Q

What is the role of F cells

A

Secrete pancreatic polypeptide which regulates enzymes of the digestive system

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17
Q

Explain the negative feedback system for glucose

A 
1- BGL rises
2- Insulin released
3- Insulin moves sugar into cells to use/Creates new substances/Produces protein/Gets stored in the liver
4- BGL falls to normal
5- Somatostatin stops insulin production
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18
Q

What happens to extra sugar (2)

A

Sugar is converted to glycogen, long chains of sugar

Glycogen is converted to fat for long term storage

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19
Q

What is Type 1 diabetes (2)

A

Insulin is not produced

Juvenile onset/Insulin dependent

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20
Q

What is Type 2 diabetes (2)

A

Decreased insulin production with decreased effect

Adult onset/Non-Insulin dependent

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21
Q

What are the cardinal signs of untreated diabetes (5)

A 
Polyuria
Polydispia
Polyphagia 
Weakness
Weight loss
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22
Q

What is insulin

A

A protein carrier that transports glucose into a cell

23
Q

What happens when BGL rises

A

Cells cannot get sugar effectively and begin glyconeogenesis to stay alive

Fatty acids and ammonia are produced and need to be removed

24
Q

What is Glyconeogenesis

A

The production glucose from fats and proteins which is then moved into the blood stream

25
Q

What is Glycogenolysis

A

The breakdown of glycogen in the liver

26
Q

Signs of chronic hyperglycemia (4)

A
  • High sugar
  • High circulating fats
  • Weight loss
  • Weakness
27
Q

Results of High sugar with chronic Hyperglycemia

A

Sugar is a diuretic = Dehydration

Sugar is neurotoxic = Peripheral neuropathy with can slow or stop blood flow to an area

28
Q

Results of high circulating fats from Hyperglycemia

A

Plaque buildup = Decreased peripheral circulation and an increased chance of MI/PE

29
Q

4 ways for diabetics to manage BGL

A
  • Exercise
  • Diet
  • Reduce stress
  • Insulin
30
Q

Does an infection raise or lower BGL

A

Raise

31
Q

What is HHNK

A

Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Non-Ketotic Coma

-High sugar without ketones in blood

32
Q 
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Typical diabetic type
Presentation
S/S and BGL range
Treatment
A

Typically Type 1 diabetic

Presentation: Slow, days to weeks, usually due to Physiological stress or pt stops taking insulin

S/S: PPP, Warm/dry skin, Abd pain, Dehydration/TachyC, Acidosis/TachyP, Decreased LOC, Fruity odor on breath from Ketones
BGL= Above 300 usually 200-600

Treatment: IV, O2, Monitor
Fluids, Watch form HypoK (Flat Twaves and dysrhythmias)

33
Q 
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Non-Ketotic Coma (HHNK)
Typical diabetic type
Presentation
S/S and BGL range
Treatment
A

Typically Type 2 diabetic

Presentation: Slow (days to weeks), accompanies infections and other stress

S/S: PPP, warm and dry, Dehydration/TachyC/HypoT, Decreased LOC
BGL: Sugar skyrockets can be 1000+

Treatment: IV, O2, Monitor
Fluids, Watch for HypoK (Flat Ts, dysrhythmias)

34
Q 
Insulin Shock
Typical diabetic type
Presentation
S/S and BGL range
Treatment
A

Diabetic type: ANY

Presentation: Rapid (hours), from too little food, too much insulin, too much exercise

S/S: Cool and clammy, Weak/Rapid pulse, ALOC, H/A, Weak, Bizarre Behavior, Seizure

Treatment: BELOW 60 W/ S/S = DEXTROSE
IV, O2, Monitor, BGL check
.5-1 mg IV/IM/IO/SQ 18g or bigger

CONSIDER THIAMINE BEFORE GLUCOSE

35
Q

Give BGL ranges for

Deadly High
High
Normal
Low
Deadly Low
A 
Deadly High: 1301-1600+
High: 121-1000
Normal: 60-120
Low: 31-59
Deadly Low: 0-10
36
Q

If a diabetic wants to AMA, what should they be advised to eat

A

Starch meal ASAP

Bread, cereal, pasta, beans

37
Q

What is the role of the Pineal Gland and location

A

Orientation to time

In the brain

38
Q

What is the role of the Hypothalamus (3) and location

A

Link between nervous and endocrine system
Sends info from brain to gland
Secrete hormones

In the brain

39
Q

What is the role of the Pituitary gland (2) including the Posterior lobe and Anterior lobe

And location

A

The master gland, controls how all other glands work, links nerves to hormones

Posterior Lobe- Responds to nerve impulses from hypothalamus

Anterior Lobe- Responds to hormones from hypothalamus

In the brain

40
Q

What is Oxytocin (Pitocin) responsible for

A

Uterine contractions

Milk production

41
Q

What is Vasopressin (Antidiuretic hormone) responsible for

A

Water retention of kidneys

Vasoconstriction

42
Q

What is the role of the Parathyroid (3) and location

A
  • 4 pea sized organs in neck
  • Raises calcium
  • Lowers phosphate

-On surface of Thyroid

43
Q

What is the role of the Thyroid (4) and location

A
  • Body’s thermostat, controls how we burn fuels
  • Stimulates O2 metabolization
  • Regulates body development
  • Prevents rise of calcium with calcitonin

-Anterior neck

44
Q

What is the role of the Thymus (3) and location

A
  • Responsible for Aging and Immunity
  • Secretes Thymosis which promotes T lymphocytes
  • Larger in children then shrinks

-Located just behind sternum

45
Q

What is the role of the Adrenal Glands (3) and location

A
  • Release Epi and NorEpi in response to stress
  • Maintain blood sugar level
  • Maintains BP
  • Located on top of kidneys
46
Q

Gigantism

Gland
Description

A

Pituitary

Description: Usually from a tumor, Increases release of GH (growth hormone)

47
Q

Dwarfism

Gland
Description
Related problems

A

Pituitary

Description: Hypo-secretion of GH usually due to a tumor

Related problems: Breathing difficulties, Paralysis

48
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

Gland
Causes
S/S

A

Pituitary

Causes: Trauma, Tumors, Genetics

S/S: Kidneys unable to conserve water, polyuria, polydipsia, loss of >3L/day

49
Q

Parathyroid Disorders (4)

A
  • Tumor takes calcium from bones to blood stream
  • Results in kidney stones
  • Damage of Parathyroid messes up calcium
  • Can cause death, joint pain, low sex drive
50
Q

Hashimotos Disease

Gland
Decritpion
S/S
Treatment

A

Gland: Thyroid

Description: Hypo-secretion of Thyroid gland during adulthood that slows down the body

S/S: HypoTherm, BradyC, BradyP, CHF, Facial edema, Weakness, Sensitivity to narcotics and barbituates, Thick/Dry/Doughy skin

Specific changes: Slow/Thick voice, Thin/Brittle hair, slow thought, muscle weakness

Treatment: Supportive, no rewarming (blankets ok), ABC’s, watch for Arrhythmias

51
Q

Myxedema

Gland
Description
S/S
Treatment

A

Thyroid

Description: Auto-Immune thyroid condition, Adult Hypothyroidism, usually women >60

S/S: Moon face, Hypothermia, Impaired memory, Slow speech and movement, Dry skin, Hoarseness

Treatment: Supportive, ABC’s

52
Q

Graves Disease

Gland
Description
S/S
Treatment

A

Thyroid

Description: Too much thyroid hormone

S/S: Swelling behind eyes, bulging of eyeballs, GOITER, Warm flushed skin, Hyperactive, wight loss

Treatment: Watch for TachyC, HyperTherm

53
Q

Addisons Disease

Gland
Description
S/S
Treatment

A

Adrenal

Description: Too little secretion and production of corticosteroids

S/S: HypoT, Sick looking, HypoG, Dark pigment, Dysrhythmia (prolonged QT)

Treatment: Monitor, IV, O2, Antiarrhythmics

54
Q

Cushings Syndrome

Gland
Description
S/S
Treatment

A

Adrenal

Description: Too much secretion of Corticosteroids from Adrenal gland

S/S: Buffalo hump, Moon face, Hair growth, Purple striae, Insomnia

Treatment: Minimize IV sticks, BGL, Vitals

Sinclair Paramedic 2150 (16 decks)

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