12- Endocrine Flashcards
What is the difference between the Endocrine and Nervous systems
Endocrine- Controls body through hormones
Nervous- Controls body through electrical impulses
Characteristics of Endocrine system (4)
- No ducts
- Secretes hormones directly into blood stream
- Widespread (systemic) effects
- Fundamental structural unit of endocrine system
Characteristics of the Exocrine system (4)
- Has ducts
- Releases hormones through ducts
- Have a local effect
- Majority are exocrine
What is a Hormone
A chemical that causes a receptor cell to respond, usually wide spread effects
What is negative feedback
-Hormone is produced
-It works
-Another hormone is released to stop it
Most used feedback system in the body
What is positive feedback
- Low hormone level is produced
- It doesn’t work
- More hormone is released
List the glands in the brain (3)
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Pineal
List the glands in the neck (2)
Thyroid
Parathyroid
List the gland in the chest
Thymus
List the glands in the abdomen (2)
Adrenal
Pancreas
List the gland in the pelvis
Gonads
List the 4 Cell types of the pancreas
Alpha Islets of Langerhans
Beta Islets of Langerhans
Delta cells
F cells
What is the role of Alpha Islets of Langerhans
Secrete glucagon to raise blood sugar
What is the role of Beta Islets of Langerhans
Secrete insulin which gives a path for glucose to enter cells and reduces BGL
What is the role of Delta Cells
Secrete somatostatin which inhibits the secretion of glucagon and insulin
What is the role of F cells
Secrete pancreatic polypeptide which regulates enzymes of the digestive system
Explain the negative feedback system for glucose
1- BGL rises 2- Insulin released 3- Insulin moves sugar into cells to use/Creates new substances/Produces protein/Gets stored in the liver 4- BGL falls to normal 5- Somatostatin stops insulin production
What happens to extra sugar (2)
Sugar is converted to glycogen, long chains of sugar
Glycogen is converted to fat for long term storage
What is Type 1 diabetes (2)
Insulin is not produced
Juvenile onset/Insulin dependent
What is Type 2 diabetes (2)
Decreased insulin production with decreased effect
Adult onset/Non-Insulin dependent
What are the cardinal signs of untreated diabetes (5)
Polyuria Polydispia Polyphagia Weakness Weight loss
What is insulin
A protein carrier that transports glucose into a cell
What happens when BGL rises
Cells cannot get sugar effectively and begin glyconeogenesis to stay alive
Fatty acids and ammonia are produced and need to be removed
What is Glyconeogenesis
The production glucose from fats and proteins which is then moved into the blood stream
What is Glycogenolysis
The breakdown of glycogen in the liver
Signs of chronic hyperglycemia (4)
- High sugar
- High circulating fats
- Weight loss
- Weakness
Results of High sugar with chronic Hyperglycemia
Sugar is a diuretic = Dehydration
Sugar is neurotoxic = Peripheral neuropathy with can slow or stop blood flow to an area
Results of high circulating fats from Hyperglycemia
Plaque buildup = Decreased peripheral circulation and an increased chance of MI/PE
4 ways for diabetics to manage BGL
- Exercise
- Diet
- Reduce stress
- Insulin
Does an infection raise or lower BGL
Raise
What is HHNK
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Non-Ketotic Coma
-High sugar without ketones in blood
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Typical diabetic type Presentation S/S and BGL range Treatment
Typically Type 1 diabetic
Presentation: Slow, days to weeks, usually due to Physiological stress or pt stops taking insulin
S/S: PPP, Warm/dry skin, Abd pain, Dehydration/TachyC, Acidosis/TachyP, Decreased LOC, Fruity odor on breath from Ketones
BGL= Above 300 usually 200-600
Treatment: IV, O2, Monitor
Fluids, Watch form HypoK (Flat Twaves and dysrhythmias)
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Non-Ketotic Coma (HHNK) Typical diabetic type Presentation S/S and BGL range Treatment
Typically Type 2 diabetic
Presentation: Slow (days to weeks), accompanies infections and other stress
S/S: PPP, warm and dry, Dehydration/TachyC/HypoT, Decreased LOC
BGL: Sugar skyrockets can be 1000+
Treatment: IV, O2, Monitor
Fluids, Watch for HypoK (Flat Ts, dysrhythmias)
Insulin Shock Typical diabetic type Presentation S/S and BGL range Treatment
Diabetic type: ANY
Presentation: Rapid (hours), from too little food, too much insulin, too much exercise
S/S: Cool and clammy, Weak/Rapid pulse, ALOC, H/A, Weak, Bizarre Behavior, Seizure
Treatment: BELOW 60 W/ S/S = DEXTROSE
IV, O2, Monitor, BGL check
.5-1 mg IV/IM/IO/SQ 18g or bigger
CONSIDER THIAMINE BEFORE GLUCOSE
Give BGL ranges for
Deadly High High Normal Low Deadly Low
Deadly High: 1301-1600+ High: 121-1000 Normal: 60-120 Low: 31-59 Deadly Low: 0-10
If a diabetic wants to AMA, what should they be advised to eat
Starch meal ASAP
Bread, cereal, pasta, beans
What is the role of the Pineal Gland and location
Orientation to time
In the brain
What is the role of the Hypothalamus (3) and location
Link between nervous and endocrine system
Sends info from brain to gland
Secrete hormones
In the brain
What is the role of the Pituitary gland (2) including the Posterior lobe and Anterior lobe
And location
The master gland, controls how all other glands work, links nerves to hormones
Posterior Lobe- Responds to nerve impulses from hypothalamus
Anterior Lobe- Responds to hormones from hypothalamus
In the brain
What is Oxytocin (Pitocin) responsible for
Uterine contractions
Milk production
What is Vasopressin (Antidiuretic hormone) responsible for
Water retention of kidneys
Vasoconstriction
What is the role of the Parathyroid (3) and location
- 4 pea sized organs in neck
- Raises calcium
- Lowers phosphate
-On surface of Thyroid
What is the role of the Thyroid (4) and location
- Body’s thermostat, controls how we burn fuels
- Stimulates O2 metabolization
- Regulates body development
- Prevents rise of calcium with calcitonin
-Anterior neck
What is the role of the Thymus (3) and location
- Responsible for Aging and Immunity
- Secretes Thymosis which promotes T lymphocytes
- Larger in children then shrinks
-Located just behind sternum
What is the role of the Adrenal Glands (3) and location
- Release Epi and NorEpi in response to stress
- Maintain blood sugar level
- Maintains BP
- Located on top of kidneys
Gigantism
Gland
Description
Pituitary
Description: Usually from a tumor, Increases release of GH (growth hormone)
Dwarfism
Gland
Description
Related problems
Pituitary
Description: Hypo-secretion of GH usually due to a tumor
Related problems: Breathing difficulties, Paralysis
Diabetes Insipidus
Gland
Causes
S/S
Pituitary
Causes: Trauma, Tumors, Genetics
S/S: Kidneys unable to conserve water, polyuria, polydipsia, loss of >3L/day
Parathyroid Disorders (4)
- Tumor takes calcium from bones to blood stream
- Results in kidney stones
- Damage of Parathyroid messes up calcium
- Can cause death, joint pain, low sex drive
Hashimotos Disease
Gland
Decritpion
S/S
Treatment
Gland: Thyroid
Description: Hypo-secretion of Thyroid gland during adulthood that slows down the body
S/S: HypoTherm, BradyC, BradyP, CHF, Facial edema, Weakness, Sensitivity to narcotics and barbituates, Thick/Dry/Doughy skin
Specific changes: Slow/Thick voice, Thin/Brittle hair, slow thought, muscle weakness
Treatment: Supportive, no rewarming (blankets ok), ABC’s, watch for Arrhythmias
Myxedema
Gland
Description
S/S
Treatment
Thyroid
Description: Auto-Immune thyroid condition, Adult Hypothyroidism, usually women >60
S/S: Moon face, Hypothermia, Impaired memory, Slow speech and movement, Dry skin, Hoarseness
Treatment: Supportive, ABC’s
Graves Disease
Gland
Description
S/S
Treatment
Thyroid
Description: Too much thyroid hormone
S/S: Swelling behind eyes, bulging of eyeballs, GOITER, Warm flushed skin, Hyperactive, wight loss
Treatment: Watch for TachyC, HyperTherm
Addisons Disease
Gland
Description
S/S
Treatment
Adrenal
Description: Too little secretion and production of corticosteroids
S/S: HypoT, Sick looking, HypoG, Dark pigment, Dysrhythmia (prolonged QT)
Treatment: Monitor, IV, O2, Antiarrhythmics
Cushings Syndrome
Gland
Description
S/S
Treatment
Adrenal
Description: Too much secretion of Corticosteroids from Adrenal gland
S/S: Buffalo hump, Moon face, Hair growth, Purple striae, Insomnia
Treatment: Minimize IV sticks, BGL, Vitals
