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VP > 12 - 2 > Flashcards

12 - 2 Flashcards

1
Q

outer cortex of cortical nephrons

A

glomeruli

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2
Q

dip only into outer medulla in cortical nephrons

A

short loops of henle

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3
Q

in inner cortex near medulla in juxtaglomerular nephrons

A

glomeruli

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4
Q

plunge into inner medulla in juxtaglomerular nephron s

A

long hoops of Henle

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5
Q

peritubular capill form hairpin vascular loops in juxtaglomerular nephrons

A

vasa recta

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6
Q

molecular sieve layers

A

glomerular capillary wall

basement membrane

inner layer of bowmans capsule

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7
Q

glomerular capillary wall

A

single layer of flattened endothelial cells
pores

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8
Q

basement membrane

A

gelatinous layer of collagen and glycoproteins

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9
Q

inner layer bowmans capsule consists of

A

podocytes with filtration slits

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10
Q

filtration is exclusively an — process

A

extracellular

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11
Q

driving forces of glomerular filtration

A

glomerular capillary blood pressure

plasma colloid osmotic pressure

bowmans capsule hydrostatic pressure

net filtration pressure

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12
Q

higher than capillary BP elsewhere

A

glomerular capillary blood pressure
55 mmHg

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13
Q

opposes filtration and inc osmotic pressure

A

plasma colloid osmotic pressure
30 mmHg

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14
Q

— arterioles is larger in diameter than — arteriole

A

afferent

efferent

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15
Q

pressure exerted by tubular fluid

A

bowmans capsule hydrostatic pressure
15mmhg

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16
Q

net filtration pressure

A

55 - (30+15) = 10 mmHg

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17
Q

depends on net filtration pressure

A

glomerular filtration rate

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18
Q

GFR depends also on

A

surface area and pressure

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19
Q

GFR =

A

filtration coefficient x net filtration pressure

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20
Q

— of plasma enter glomerulus is —

A

20& filtered

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21
Q

GFR of adult

A

115-125 ml/min

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22
Q

reduces blood flow to glomerulus and lowers GFr

A

increased resistance in afferent arterioles

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23
Q

prevents unintentional shifts in GFR

A

autoregulation

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24
Q

autoregulation by

A

myogenic mech

tubuloglomerular feedback

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25
Q

constricts afferent arterioles and lower GFr

A

inc sympathetic act

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26
Q

detect changes in BP and initiates nervous system and hormonal reg of BP

A

baroreceptors

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27
Q

reliefs on kidneys to adjust blood volume

A

slow regulation mech

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28
Q

highly selective

A

tubular reabsorption

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29
Q

mammalian tubules reabsorb — filtered salt and water and — glucose and AA

A

99 and 100

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30
Q

reabsorption of most subs occur in

A

proximal tubule

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31
Q

sub must pass thr —- and – to be reabs

A

renal tubular cell and capillary wall

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32
Q

reabs may be

A

passive or active

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33
Q

— kidneys energy requirement is used for Na transport

A

80%

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34
Q

na reabs is — in sections of tubules but — in some

A

active but passive

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35
Q

proximal tubule filtration of sodium rate

A

67%

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36
Q

ascending limb of sodium reabs

A

loop of Henle

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37
Q

na Is —- from descending limb

A

not reabsorbed

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38
Q

distal tubule % na reabs

A

8%

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39
Q

active steps involve — in basolateral membrane

A

na / k ATPase pump

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40
Q

transports na across apical membrane

A

passively

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41
Q

also helps transport other molecules during na reabs

A

conserves Na

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42
Q

water is reabs by osmosis

A

passively

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43
Q

ascending limb of loop of Henle is — to water

A

impermeable

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44
Q

aquaporins channels

A

AQP-1
APQ- 2

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45
Q

AQP-1 channels

A

proximal tubule are always open

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46
Q

AQP-2 channels

A

distal tubule and collecting duct reg by vasopressin

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47
Q

sim transports na down conc drad

A

symporter

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48
Q

org molecule is transported into ECF by

A

facilitated diffusion

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49
Q

actively reabs subs exhibit a –

A

tubular maximum (Tm)

50
Q

in diabetes mellitus plasma glucose is

A

high
hyperglycemia

51
Q

when filtered glucose load exceeds Tm

A

excess spills over into urine e

52
Q

renal threshold for phosphate is

A

equal to plasma concentration

53
Q

only waste prod to be reabs

A

urea

54
Q

— urea reabs

A

40%

55
Q

reg plasma sodium important for

A

BP reg

56
Q

secrete renin into blood

A

granular cells of juxtaglomerular apparatus

57
Q

sec renin bc of

A

fall in Na
ECF volume or BP

58
Q

sec renin in response to pressure fall in afferent arterioles

A

granular cells

59
Q

respond to fall in distal tubular NACl

A

macula densa

60
Q

triggers inc sympathetic activity

A

baroreceptors reflex

61
Q

catalyzes conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin I

A

renin

62
Q

angiotensin I converted into angiotensin II by

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme

63
Q

primary stimulus for aldosterone sec from adrenal cortex

A

angiotensin II

64
Q

angiotensin II stim

A

thirst and salt hunger

65
Q

aldosterone effects

A

inc na reabs
vasopressin sec
constrictor of systemic arterioles

66
Q

natriuretic peptides oppose

A

RAAS

67
Q

natriuretic peptides

A

atrial natriuretic peptide
brain natriuretic peptide

68
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide

A

sec by atrial cardiac muscle cells

69
Q

brain natriuretic peptide

A

sec by ventricular cardiac muscle cells

70
Q

natriuretic prt effects

A

natriuresis
inc GFr
inhibits NA, renin,aldosterone, and vasopressin sec

71
Q

transfer subs from peritubular capillaries into tubular lumen

A

tubular secretion

72
Q

sec is important in regulation of acid base balance

A

H+ ion secre

73
Q

proton pumping V-ATPases in

A

proximal, distal and collecting seg

74
Q

extent of h sec deps on

A

acidity of body fluids

75
Q

incr excitability of nerve and muscle tissue

A

potassium

76
Q

K reabsorbed in

A

proximal tubule

77
Q

k secr in

A

distal tubule and ducts

78
Q

most k in urine from

A

controlled k secretion in distal parts of nephrons

79
Q

stim k sec and na reabs

A

aldosterone

80
Q

tubular sec is sec of

A

org anions and cations

81
Q

coverts foreign org comp into anions

A

liver

82
Q

vol of plasma cleared of a subs by kidneys epr min

A

plasma clearance
UV/P

urine conc
flow
plasma conc

83
Q

PC is equal to GFR

A

filtered but that’s it

84
Q

PC less than GFR

A

filtered and reabs

85
Q

greater than GFR

A

filtered and secr

86
Q

concentr of urine dep on

A

vertical osmotic gradients

87
Q

dehydrated kidneys produce

A

antidiuretic

88
Q

over hydrated kidneys prod

A

large amount of dilute urine
diuresis

89
Q

fluid in proximal tubule is

A

isotonic with blood plasma

90
Q

desc limb of Henle is

A

highly permeable to water
no na transport

91
Q

hair pin turn of Henle has

A

low water perm and NA by leak channels

92
Q

thick regions of henle

A

active NAcl
impermeable to water

93
Q

allows important interactions btw desc and ascending limbs

A

close proximity and countercurrent flow

94
Q

NaCl reabs from

A

thick ascending limb

95
Q

sol conc of desc limb

A

inc as water enters more conc interstitial fluid

96
Q

verticle osmotic grad

A

est as countercurrent flow of tubular cont to deliver Nacl

97
Q

tubular fluid entering distal tubule is

A

hypotonic

98
Q

hypotonic fluid empties into

A

collection duct
bathed by inc concent of interstitial fluid

99
Q

perm of collection ductsdep on

A

vasopressin

100
Q

vasopressin dehydration

A

ADH sec is increased
water reabs

101
Q

vasopressin over hydrated

A

ADH sec low and water not reabs

102
Q

helps conserve vertical osmotic gradient in renal medulla

A

vasa recta

103
Q

countercurrent occurs at

A

hairpin loop

104
Q

section of collection ducst impermeable to urea

A

top and middle

105
Q

urea conc in collection ducts – as water reabs

A

inc

106
Q

weak osmoconcentrators have

A

cortical nephrons

107
Q

desert dwelling mammals have

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

108
Q

urine temp stored in

A

urinary bladder

109
Q

bladder wall is made of

A

smooth muscles lined with transitional epithelium

110
Q

joined by tight junct in bladder

A

umbrella cells

111
Q

bladder openign guard by

A

internal urethral sphincter
and external “”

112
Q

stimulus by distended bladder

A

stretch receptors

113
Q

stimulate parasympathetic neurons origin in

A

lower spinal cord

114
Q

bladder wall contracts due to

A

para stim pulling internal open

115
Q

urine expelled thr

A

urethra

116
Q

stimulated to urgent urination

A

cerebral cortex

117
Q

renal disease causes

A

cell damage
toxic agents
immune resp
obstr

118
Q

caused by retention of waster prod

A

uremic toxicity

119
Q

inadequate sec of h

A

metabolic acidosis

120
Q

inadeq sec of k leading ot altered cardiac and neuronal exc

A

potassium retention

121
Q

salt and fluid retent

A

hypertension

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