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12 - 2 Flashcards

1
Q

outer cortex of cortical nephrons

A

glomeruli

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2
Q

dip only into outer medulla in cortical nephrons

A

short loops of henle

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3
Q

in inner cortex near medulla in juxtaglomerular nephrons

A

glomeruli

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4
Q

plunge into inner medulla in juxtaglomerular nephron s

A

long hoops of Henle

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5
Q

peritubular capill form hairpin vascular loops in juxtaglomerular nephrons

A

vasa recta

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6
Q

molecular sieve layers

A

glomerular capillary wall

basement membrane

inner layer of bowmans capsule

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7
Q

glomerular capillary wall

A

single layer of flattened endothelial cells
pores

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8
Q

basement membrane

A

gelatinous layer of collagen and glycoproteins

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9
Q

inner layer bowmans capsule consists of

A

podocytes with filtration slits

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10
Q

filtration is exclusively an — process

A

extracellular

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11
Q

driving forces of glomerular filtration

A

glomerular capillary blood pressure

plasma colloid osmotic pressure

bowmans capsule hydrostatic pressure

net filtration pressure

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12
Q

higher than capillary BP elsewhere

A

glomerular capillary blood pressure
55 mmHg

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13
Q

opposes filtration and inc osmotic pressure

A

plasma colloid osmotic pressure
30 mmHg

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14
Q

— arterioles is larger in diameter than — arteriole

A

afferent

efferent

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15
Q

pressure exerted by tubular fluid

A

bowmans capsule hydrostatic pressure
15mmhg

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16
Q

net filtration pressure

A

55 - (30+15) = 10 mmHg

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17
Q

depends on net filtration pressure

A

glomerular filtration rate

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18
Q

GFR depends also on

A

surface area and pressure

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19
Q

GFR =

A

filtration coefficient x net filtration pressure

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20
Q

— of plasma enter glomerulus is —

A

20& filtered

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21
Q

GFR of adult

A

115-125 ml/min

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22
Q

reduces blood flow to glomerulus and lowers GFr

A

increased resistance in afferent arterioles

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23
Q

prevents unintentional shifts in GFR

A

autoregulation

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24
Q

autoregulation by

A

myogenic mech

tubuloglomerular feedback

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25
constricts afferent arterioles and lower GFr
inc sympathetic act
26
detect changes in BP and initiates nervous system and hormonal reg of BP
baroreceptors
27
reliefs on kidneys to adjust blood volume
slow regulation mech
28
highly selective
tubular reabsorption
29
mammalian tubules reabsorb --- filtered salt and water and --- glucose and AA
99 and 100
30
reabsorption of most subs occur in
proximal tubule
31
sub must pass thr ---- and -- to be reabs
renal tubular cell and capillary wall
32
reabs may be
passive or active
33
--- kidneys energy requirement is used for Na transport
80%
34
na reabs is --- in sections of tubules but --- in some
active but passive
35
proximal tubule filtration of sodium rate
67%
36
ascending limb of sodium reabs
loop of Henle
37
na Is ---- from descending limb
not reabsorbed
38
distal tubule % na reabs
8%
39
active steps involve --- in basolateral membrane
na / k ATPase pump
40
transports na across apical membrane
passively
41
also helps transport other molecules during na reabs
conserves Na
42
water is reabs by osmosis
passively
43
ascending limb of loop of Henle is --- to water
impermeable
44
aquaporins channels
AQP-1 APQ- 2
45
AQP-1 channels
proximal tubule are always open
46
AQP-2 channels
distal tubule and collecting duct reg by vasopressin
47
sim transports na down conc drad
symporter
48
org molecule is transported into ECF by
facilitated diffusion
49
actively reabs subs exhibit a --
tubular maximum (Tm)
50
in diabetes mellitus plasma glucose is
high hyperglycemia
51
when filtered glucose load exceeds Tm
excess spills over into urine e
52
renal threshold for phosphate is
equal to plasma concentration
53
only waste prod to be reabs
urea
54
--- urea reabs
40%
55
reg plasma sodium important for
BP reg
56
secrete renin into blood
granular cells of juxtaglomerular apparatus
57
sec renin bc of
fall in Na ECF volume or BP
58
sec renin in response to pressure fall in afferent arterioles
granular cells
59
respond to fall in distal tubular NACl
macula densa
60
triggers inc sympathetic activity
baroreceptors reflex
61
catalyzes conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
renin
62
angiotensin I converted into angiotensin II by
angiotensin-converting enzyme
63
primary stimulus for aldosterone sec from adrenal cortex
angiotensin II
64
angiotensin II stim
thirst and salt hunger
65
aldosterone effects
inc na reabs vasopressin sec constrictor of systemic arterioles
66
natriuretic peptides oppose
RAAS
67
natriuretic peptides
atrial natriuretic peptide brain natriuretic peptide
68
atrial natriuretic peptide
sec by atrial cardiac muscle cells
69
brain natriuretic peptide
sec by ventricular cardiac muscle cells
70
natriuretic prt effects
natriuresis inc GFr inhibits NA, renin,aldosterone, and vasopressin sec
71
transfer subs from peritubular capillaries into tubular lumen
tubular secretion
72
sec is important in regulation of acid base balance
H+ ion secre
73
proton pumping V-ATPases in
proximal, distal and collecting seg
74
extent of h sec deps on
acidity of body fluids
75
incr excitability of nerve and muscle tissue
potassium
76
K reabsorbed in
proximal tubule
77
k secr in
distal tubule and ducts
78
most k in urine from
controlled k secretion in distal parts of nephrons
79
stim k sec and na reabs
aldosterone
80
tubular sec is sec of
org anions and cations
81
coverts foreign org comp into anions
liver
82
vol of plasma cleared of a subs by kidneys epr min
plasma clearance UV/P urine conc flow plasma conc
83
PC is equal to GFR
filtered but that's it
84
PC less than GFR
filtered and reabs
85
greater than GFR
filtered and secr
86
concentr of urine dep on
vertical osmotic gradients
87
dehydrated kidneys produce
antidiuretic
88
over hydrated kidneys prod
large amount of dilute urine diuresis
89
fluid in proximal tubule is
isotonic with blood plasma
90
desc limb of Henle is
highly permeable to water no na transport
91
hair pin turn of Henle has
low water perm and NA by leak channels
92
thick regions of henle
active NAcl impermeable to water
93
allows important interactions btw desc and ascending limbs
close proximity and countercurrent flow
94
NaCl reabs from
thick ascending limb
95
sol conc of desc limb
inc as water enters more conc interstitial fluid
96
verticle osmotic grad
est as countercurrent flow of tubular cont to deliver Nacl
97
tubular fluid entering distal tubule is
hypotonic
98
hypotonic fluid empties into
collection duct bathed by inc concent of interstitial fluid
99
perm of collection ductsdep on
vasopressin
100
vasopressin dehydration
ADH sec is increased water reabs
101
vasopressin over hydrated
ADH sec low and water not reabs
102
helps conserve vertical osmotic gradient in renal medulla
vasa recta
103
countercurrent occurs at
hairpin loop
104
section of collection ducst impermeable to urea
top and middle
105
urea conc in collection ducts -- as water reabs
inc
106
weak osmoconcentrators have
cortical nephrons
107
desert dwelling mammals have
juxtamedullary nephrons
108
urine temp stored in
urinary bladder
109
bladder wall is made of
smooth muscles lined with transitional epithelium
110
joined by tight junct in bladder
umbrella cells
111
bladder openign guard by
internal urethral sphincter and external ""
112
stimulus by distended bladder
stretch receptors
113
stimulate parasympathetic neurons origin in
lower spinal cord
114
bladder wall contracts due to
para stim pulling internal open
115
urine expelled thr
urethra
116
stimulated to urgent urination
cerebral cortex
117
renal disease causes
cell damage toxic agents immune resp obstr
118
caused by retention of waster prod
uremic toxicity
119
inadequate sec of h
metabolic acidosis
120
inadeq sec of k leading ot altered cardiac and neuronal exc
potassium retention
121
salt and fluid retent
hypertension

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