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A-Level PE- Anatomy & Physiology > 1.1c- Respiratory System > Flashcards

1.1c- Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Spirometer

A

measures the air capacity of the lungs

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2
Q

Tidal Volume (TV)

A

Normal volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath

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3
Q

Vital Capacity (VC)

A

largest volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after maximum inspiration

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4
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

A

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation

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5
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A

the volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation

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6
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

Amount of air that can be forced in after normal inspiration

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7
Q

Minute Ventilation equation

A

Breathing Rate x Tidal Volume= Minute Ventilation

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8
Q

Breathing Rate (F)

A

number of breaths per minute

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9
Q

Minute Ventilation (VE)

A

Volume of air inspired or expired per minute

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10
Q

Untrained performer at rest- F, VE, TV

A

F- 12-15 breaths per minute

TV- 0.5l

VE- 6-7.5l/min

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11
Q

Untrained performer in exercise- F, VE, TV

A

F- 40-50 breaths per minute

TV- 2.5-3L

VE- 100-150 l/min

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12
Q

Trained athlete at rest- F, VE, TV

A

F- 11-12 breaths per minute

TV- 0.5l

VE- 5.5-6l/min

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13
Q

Trained athlete in exercise- F, VE, TV

A

F- 50/60 breaths

TV- 3-3.5l

VE-160-210ml

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14
Q

Breathing rate and exercise

A

Breathing Rate & Exerise:

  1. It increases in proportion with exerise
  2. It can plateau if a steady intensity
  3. Breathing rate continues to increase during maximal exercise until max 50-60 breaths per min
  4. It decreases after exerise. The rate of which is dependent upon the intersity of exerise in order to repay oxygen debt
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15
Q

Minute ventilation and exercise

A

Minute Ventilation & Excerise

  1. It is a product of both F & TV therefore it increases with exercise intensity
  2. Can plateau during sub max exercise
  3. Increases prior to exercise due to anticipatory rise because of adrenaline
  4. Increases in proportion with exercise intensity at start of exercise
  5. Plateaus at steady state
  6. Decreases after exercise and doesn’t plateau during maximal exercise
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16
Q

2 pressure involved in breathing

A

Atmospheric and Intrapulmonary

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17
Q

What happens if the intrapulmonary volume changes?

A

the intrapulmonary pressure will change also

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18
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

Muscles which move the rib cage during breathing. Contract and relax antagonistically to allow this

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19
Q

Inspiration at rest

A

diaphragm and external intercostals contract pulling ribs up and out to increase the volume within the lungs. This decreases air pressure inside the lungs so air moves in to equalise that pressure

20
Q

Inspiration during exercise

A

External intercostals, pectoralis minor, scalene, and sternocleidomastoid muscles assist by contracting pulling the sternum and ribs up and out further, greater increasing volume in thorax. There will the ne a greater decrease in air pressure in the lungs so more air moves in to meet this demand

21
Q

Expiration at rest

A

external intercostals and diaphragm relax. The sternum and ribs move in and down so volume of thorax decreases. Pressure inside the lungs increases so air moves out of the lungs to equalise it.

22
Q

Expiration during exercise

A

Internal intercostals, rectus abdominus and obliques contract to pull sternum and ribs in and down further while external intercostals and diaphragm relax. Greater decrease in thoracic cavity volume so there will be a greater increase in pressure in the lungs so more air moves out.

23
Q

Which type of intercostal is used in inhalation?

A

External

24
Q

Functions of the respiratory system

A

Pulmonary Ventilation and Gas exchange

25
Q

External respiration

A

movement of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide into the lungs

26
Q

Internal respiration

A

the release of oxygen to respiring cells for energy production and collection of waste products

27
Q

Pathway of air

A

mouth -> nose -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli

28
Q

makeup of blood

A

55% plasma, 45% cells

29
Q

why is oxygen needed?

A

needed for cellular respiration so we can produce energy

30
Q

How can oxygen be transported?

A

Carried with haemoglobin (97%)

With blood plasma (3%)

31
Q

How carbon dioxide be transported?

A

Dissolved in water and carried in carbonic acid (70%)

Carried with haemoglobin (23%)

Dissolved in blood plasma (7%)

32
Q

Internal gas exchange site

A

Blood capillary and muscle cell membrane

33
Q

External gas exchange site

A

Alveoli and blood capillary

34
Q

Gaseous exchange

A

The movement of gases across a membrane, for example the movement of oxygen out of the alveoli into blood capillaries.

35
Q

Partial pressure (p)

A

The pressure exerted by an individual gas held in a mixture of gases

36
Q

internal respiration

A

Exchange of gases between cells of the body and the blood

CO2: muscle to capillary

O2: capillary to muscle cells

37
Q

External respiration

A

exchange of gases between lungs and blood

CO2: capillary to alveoli

O2: alveoli to capillary

38
Q

RCC

A

Respiratory Control Centre

39
Q

Role of RCC

A

Sends direction through motor nerves to change rate of respiratory muscle contraction

40
Q

Inspiration centre

A

Stimulates inspiratory muscles to contract during rest and exercise.

41
Q

Respiratory regulation at rest

A

Inspiratory centre contracts muscles via:

Intercostal nerve to external intercostals

Phrenic nerve to the diaphragm.

Nerves start at the medulla oblongata

42
Q

Respiratory regulation during exercise

A

RCC is chemo sensitive

IC- chemoreceptors , thermoreceptors, proprioceptors

EC- baroreceptors

43
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Detect changes in blood acidity and carbon dioxide molecules

44
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

respond to changes in temperature

45
Q

Propriceptors

A

Respond to changes in motor activity or muscle activity

46
Q

Baroreceptor

A

Detect movement of stretch receptors in lungs- inflation of lungs

A-Level PE- Anatomy & Physiology (5 decks)

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