Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A-Level PE- Anatomy & Physiology > 1.1b- Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

1.1b- Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

The transport system of the body responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to the body and carrying away carbon dioxide and other wastes; composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pathway of blood through the heart

A

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lung capillaries, pulmonary vein, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Carried deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Systemic circuit

A

Carries oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

conduction system

A

Electrical impulses from nerves that stimulate contraction and relaxation of heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

one complete heartbeat- movement of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Myogenic

A

Describes muscle tissue (heart muscle) that generates its own contractions/electric impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many structures make up the conduction system?

A

5 structures- they create and transmit an electrical impulse through the cardiac muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

SINO-ATRIAL (SA) NODE

A

located in the right atrial wall. It generates the electrical impulse and fires it through the atria walls, causing them to contract. (AKA the ‘pacemaker’ as the firing rate will determine HR.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Atrio-ventricular (AV) Node

A

Collects the impulse and delays it for approx 0.1 seconds to allow the atria to finish contracting. The releases impulses to the bundle of His

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Bundle of His

A

located in the septum of the heart. It separates the impulse in 2, ready to be distributed through each separate ventricle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bundle Branches

A

these carry the impulse to the base of each ventricle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Purkynje Fibres

A

these distribute the impulse through the ventricle walls causing them to contract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The cardiac cycle

A

The process of cardiac muscle contraction and the movement of the blood through its chambers. Involves both diastole and systole stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does 1 complete cardiac cycle represent?

A

The sequence of events involved in a single heartbeat. Takes around 0.8 secs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

2 phases of cardiac cycle

A

systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cardiac diastole

A

the relaxation of the cardiac muscle, firstly of the atria and then the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cardiac systole

A

the contraction of the cardiac muscle, firstly of the atria and then the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Diastole phase

A

Atria and ventricles relax and expand drawing blood in. Pressure in atria increases opening AV valves and allows blood to enter ventricle passively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Atrial systole

A

Atria contract and blood is forced through the AV valves into the ventricles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ventricular systole

A

Ventricles contract and increase pressure which closes AV valves. SL valves are forced open as blood is ejected from the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

the measure of the force used to pump blood around the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do the numbers represent?

A

Blood pressure is given as 2 figures:

systolic- pressure when blood is pushed out

diastolic- pressure during rest

systolic/diastolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Healthy blood pressure

A

90/60 to 120/80

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Conduction & Cardiac Cycle- Diastole

A

No electrical impulse occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Conduction & Cardiac Cycle- Atrial Systole

A

Impulse from SA node to AV node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Conduction & Cardiac Cycle- Ventricular Systole

A

Impulse moves from the AV node to:

Bundle of His -> Bundle branches -> Purkinje Fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Heart rate

A

The number of cardiac cycles (beats) per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Stroke Volume

A

the volume of blood pumped out by left ventricle with each heartbeat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Cardiac output

A

The volume of blood ejected from the left side of the heart in one minute.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Untrained performer at rest- HR, SV, CO

A

Approx 72bpm, 70ml/beat, 5 l/minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Trained athlete at rest- HR, SV, CO

A

Lower than 60bpm, 100ml/beat, 5l/minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Untrained performer maximal- HR, SV, CO

A

220-(age), 100-120ml, 20-30 l/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Trained athlete maximal- HR, SV, CO

A

220-(age), 160-200ml, 30-40l/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is generally accepted about heart rate?

A

The lower the heart rate the more efficient the cardiac muscle is lowered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Bradycardia

A

slow heart rate (less than 60 bpm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

When does stroke volume occur?

A

during ventricular systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does SV depend on?

A

Venous return and ventricular elasticity and contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Venous Return

A

The amount of blood returned to the heart by the veins. More blood returned= more blood available for ejecting

40
Q

ventricular elasticity and contractility

A

the degree of stretch in the cardiac muscle fibres. Greater stretch= greater force of contraction

41
Q

When is cardiac output more efficient?

A

If cardiac hypertrophic occurs. More blood can be ejected and HR can reduce

42
Q

How does Cardiac output differ between elite and untrained performer?

A

Over CO is the same but it differs in how it’s broken down into SV AND HR

43
Q

What happens with demand for oxygen when we exercise?

A

It rapidly increases. The CV system has to increase O2 blood flow to muscles. Response of cardiac muscles depends on intensity

44
Q

Sub-maximal exercise

A

A low-to-moderate intensity of exercise within a performer’s aerobic capacity

45
Q

Maximal exercise

A

a high intensity of exercise above a performer’s aerobic capacity that will induce fatigue and exhaustion

46
Q

Heart rate response to sub maximal exercise

A

Initial anticipatory rise in HR prior to exercise due to adrenaline release. Rapid increase of HR at start of exercise to increase blood flow in line with exercise intensity.

HR plateau throughout the sustained intensity exercise. As recovery is entered, rapid decrease in HR as muscle pump action reduces

More gradual HR decreases

47
Q

Heart rate response to maximal intensity exercise

A

HR doesn’t plateau as exercise intensity continues to increase. Growing demand for O2 and waste remove that HR must strive to meet.

48
Q

Heart rate response to dynamic sports

A

HR response fluctuates in line with the demands placed upon it

49
Q

Stroke volume response to exercise

A

SV increases in line with exercise intensity up to 40-60% of maximal running speed. After this point SV plateaus, this is due to the continued increase in HR reducing VR and ultimately SV.

50
Q

Why is stroke volume able to increase

A

Increased venous return- vol of blood that returns from the body to the heart. Increases during exercise so more blood returns to heart

Starlings Law

51
Q

The Frank Starling Mechanism (Starling’s Law)

A

Increased venous return leads to an increased stroke volume, due to an increased stretch of the ventricle walls and therefore force of contraction.

52
Q

What happens to Stroke volume in sub maximal intensities?

A

Reaches a plateau because increased heart rate towards maximal intensities does not allow enough time for ventricles to fill completely with blood in the diastolic phase, limiting Starlings Law.

53
Q

What does stroke volume maintain?

A

the blood flow and removal of waste products while lowering stress and workload on cardiac muscle.

54
Q

What is cardiac output the product of?

A

heart rate and stroke volume

55
Q

increase of cardiac output in exercise

A

increases in line with exercise intensity and plateaus during maximal exercise. Recovery- rapid decrease followed by a slower decrease

56
Q

resting cardiac output in trained and untrained performers

A

doesn’t differ. how it’s split up is what is different.

57
Q

cardiac output equation

A

CO = HR x SV

58
Q

Cardiac Control Centre

A

A control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for HR regulation. Determines the firing rate of the SA node- involuntarily regulates HR. Receives info from sensory nerves and sends direction through motor neurones.

59
Q

control mechanisms for CCC

A

Neural control, intrinsic control, hormonal control

60
Q

Neural control

A

release of some hormones directly controlled by the nervous system- chemoreceptors, proprioceptors, baroreceptors

61
Q

intrinsic control

A

Makes use of chemical signals, operates at the tissue and organ- temperature control and venous return changes

62
Q

Hormonal control

A

Release of adrenaline and noradrenaline

63
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

actioned if an increase in HR is required. Releases adrenaline, noradrenaline and sends stimulation to SA node via accelerator nerve.

64
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

actioned when a decrease in HR is required. Actioned via the vagus nerve.

65
Q

Regulation of HR during Exercise

A

HR increases during exercise somewhat because of a decrease in the parasympathetic tone, but mainly because of an increase in sympathetic stimulation

66
Q

Regulation of HR in response to recovery

A

Parasympathetic nervous system decreases stimulation of the SA node via the vagus nerve to decrease HR. Reduced force of ventricular contraction reduces SV slowly

67
Q

the vascular system

A

dense network of blood vessels that reach every corner of the body

68
Q

what does blood consist of?

A

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

45% cells and 55% plasma

69
Q

Functions of blood

A

transportation, regulation, protection

70
Q

Arteries

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. Oxygenated blood from heart to organs. Carry at high pressure. Large layer of smooth muscle and elastic tissue to smooth pulsating blood flow.

71
Q

Arterioles

A

smallest arteries. Layer of smooth muscle surrounding entry to capillary bed- controlling blow flow.

72
Q

Vasodilate

A

Widening of arteries, arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

73
Q

vasoconstriction

A

narrowing of the arteries, arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

74
Q

Capillaries

A

Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body. Thin- single layer of cells

75
Q

Veins

A

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. Slow moving blood at low pressure. Contains valves.

76
Q

Venules

A

small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins

77
Q

Venodilation

A

widening of veins and venules

78
Q

venoconstriction

A

narrowing of veins

79
Q

Mechanisms of venous return

A

pocket valves, smooth muscle, gravity, muscle and respiratory pump

80
Q

Pocket valves

A

prevent back flow of blood

81
Q

smooth muscle

A

venoconstricts to create venomotor tone to aid blood movement

82
Q

gravity

A

helps upper body blood to return

83
Q

muscle pump

A

The rhythmic mechanical compression of the veins that occurs during skeletal muscle contraction in many types of movement and exercise, for example during walking and running, and assists the return of blood to the heart.

84
Q

respiratory pump

A

pressure changes during breathing move blood toward heart by squeezing abdominal veins as thoracic veins expand

85
Q

venous return and recovery

A

CO still high after exercise and there may not be sufficient pressure to return blood, can cause feelings of dizziness and heavy legs. Means active recovery is important.

86
Q

Cardiac output distribution at rest

A

75% goes to organs for digestion, filtration and excretion

87
Q

cardiac output distribution at exercise

A

more co goes to muscles 88%

88
Q

blood supply in heart

A

coronary blood supply

89
Q

Vascular Shunt mechanism

A

The redistribution of cardiac output around the body from rest to exercise increasing flow to skeletal muscles. At rest, high CO goes to organs

90
Q

Vasodilation and constriction during rest

A

Organ arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters-vasodilate to increase flow

Muscle arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters- vasoconstrict to decrease flow

91
Q

Vasomotor control centre

A

The control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for cardiac output distribution- vascular shunt mechanism

92
Q

How does the VCC allow the vascular shut mechanism to occur?

A

Smooth arterial muscles are always in a slight state or contraction. When sensory info is received, VCC alters levels of stimulation sent to arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters at different places. Allows vascular shunt to take place.

93
Q

Where does the VCC receive information from?

A

chemoreceptors and baroreceptors

94
Q

Increase sympathetic stimulation

A

contract vessel walls -

lumen constricts- vasoconstriction

Limits blood flow

95
Q

Decreased sympathetic stimulation

A

decreased sympathetic stimulation-> vasodilation-> increased vessel diameter-> increase blood flow

A-Level PE- Anatomy & Physiology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions