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A-Level PE- Anatomy & Physiology > 1.1a- Skeletal & Muscular- Muscles > Flashcards

1.1a- Skeletal & Muscular- Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

fixator muscle

A

Muscle that functions as a joint stabilizer. Work with the agonist in creating movement by stabilising bones

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2
Q

Synergist

A

muscle that aids the action of the prime mover

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3
Q

Insertion

A

The end of the muscle that is furthest away from the torso and moves if a muscle contracts

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4
Q

Origin

A

Site where bone and muscle are attached but do not move during contraction. Closest to body

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5
Q

Motor neurone

A

a cell of the central nervous system. They transmit signals to muscle cells or glands to control their function and output.

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6
Q

Action potential

A

the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle and nerve cells. How the electrical impulse travels into the muscles and causes contractions.

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7
Q

Axon

A

the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to the other cells.

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8
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

a synaptic connection between the terminal end of a motor nerve and a muscle. The site of transmission for action potential.

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9
Q

synaptic cleft

A

the gap between neurons that the electrical impulse travels across- helps the impulses to travel from one side to the other.

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10
Q

Acetylcholine

A

a compound which occurs throughout the nervous system, in which it functions as a neurotransmitter

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11
Q

All or nothing

A

Refers to the fact that a neurone either conducts an action potential or it does not.

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12
Q

Type 1 muscle fibers

A

Slow oxidative fibres

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13
Q

type 2a fibers

A

fast oxidative glycotic fibers

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14
Q

type 2b fibers

A

fast glycolytic fibers

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15
Q

Type 1 characteristics

A

oxidative, difficult to fatigue, does not produce much lactic acid, produces low tension and force, has a slow contractile speed

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16
Q

Type 2a characteristics

A

has properties of both slow and fast twitch, produces more tension than type 1, fatigue more quickly than type 1, moderate contraction strength and speed

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17
Q

Type 2b characteristics

A

White colour, anaerobic, short fast bursts, prone to fatigue and create lactic acid

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18
Q

Voluntary muscle

A

A muscle that is under conscious control. Moves the arms and legs and is attached to bones

Aka skeletal muscle

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19
Q

Involuntary muscle

A

A muscle that is not under conscious control, found in organs and we don’t choose to move it

Aka smooth muscle

20
Q

cardiac muscle

A

Forms the walls of the heart chambers- type of involuntary muscle

Doesn’t tire

21
Q

Structural characteristics

A

What muscle fibres are made of

22
Q

Functional characteristics

A

How a fibre uses its features/ works

23
Q

Fibre size

A

The strength and power it can exert

24
Q

Number of mitochondria

A

This is where the body processes energy for use within the aerobic energy system

25
Q

Number of Capillaries

A

This affects the blood and oxygen supply to muscle fibres

26
Q

Myoglobin content

A

The amount of oxygen stored within the muscle- an oxygen binding protein

27
Q

PC stores

A

A high energy compound stored in the muscle cell used as a fuel of very high intensity energy production

28
Q

Glycogen stores

A

This energy form is mostly used for short-medium duration exercise of medium-high intensity

29
Q

Triglyceride stores

A

These are fats and are used for fuelling endurance activities

30
Q

speed of contraction

A

How fast the muscles can contract

31
Q

Forces of contraction

A

The amount of force a muscle can exert

32
Q

Resistance to fatigue

A

How long the muscles can continue to contract for

33
Q

Aerobic capacity

A

The amount of oxygen the body can use during exercise

34
Q

Anaerobic capacity

A

The amount of exercise the body can sustain without the use of oxygen

35
Q

Slow oxidative structural characteristics

A

Small neurones, few fibres, many capillaries, mitochondria and myoglobin. Low PC & Glycogen stores.

36
Q

Slow oxidative functional characteristics

A

slow contraction & low forces. High resistance to fatigue with a high aerobic but low anaerobic capacity.

37
Q

fast oxidative glycolytic structural characteristics

A

large neurones with many fibres, capillaries and moderate amounts of mitochondria and myoglobin. Moderate glycogen & triglyceride stores and large amounts of PC.

38
Q

fast oxidative glycolytic functional characteristics

A

Fast contraction & high force. Moderate fatigue resistance, aerobic and anaerobic capacity

39
Q

fast glycolytic structural characteristics

A

Neuron size- large. Fibre - Many. Number of Mitochondria - Small. Number of Capillaries - Small. Myoglobin Content - Low. PC Stores - High. Glycogen Stores - High. Triglyceride Stores - Low.

40
Q

fast glycolytic functional characteristics

A

Speed of Contraction - Fastest. Force of Contraction - Highest. Resistance to Fatigue - Lowest. Aerobic Capacity - Lowest. Anaerobic Capacity - Highest. Activity Suited - 100M.

41
Q

Slow oxidative: suited for

A

Endurance events, long-distance, no rests

42
Q

Fast oxidative glycolytic: suited for

A

High intensity- 800m-1500m run

Swimming races of middle distance

43
Q

Fast glycolytic: suited for

A

Explosive events: sprinting, javelin, long jump

44
Q

Work:relief ratio

A

The volume of relief in relation to the volume of work performed

45
Q

Work:relief ratio for aerobic

A

The volume of relief in relation to the volume of work performed

46
Q

Work:relief ratio for type 2b

A

higher relief required, should leave 48 hours between training muscle group, eccentric fibre damage

47
Q

DOMS

A

delayed onset muscle soreness

A-Level PE- Anatomy & Physiology (5 decks)

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