1.1a- Skeletal & Muscular- Muscles Flashcards
fixator muscle
Muscle that functions as a joint stabilizer. Work with the agonist in creating movement by stabilising bones
Synergist
muscle that aids the action of the prime mover
Insertion
The end of the muscle that is furthest away from the torso and moves if a muscle contracts
Origin
Site where bone and muscle are attached but do not move during contraction. Closest to body
Motor neurone
a cell of the central nervous system. They transmit signals to muscle cells or glands to control their function and output.
Action potential
the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle and nerve cells. How the electrical impulse travels into the muscles and causes contractions.
Axon
the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to the other cells.
neuromuscular junction
a synaptic connection between the terminal end of a motor nerve and a muscle. The site of transmission for action potential.
synaptic cleft
the gap between neurons that the electrical impulse travels across- helps the impulses to travel from one side to the other.
Acetylcholine
a compound which occurs throughout the nervous system, in which it functions as a neurotransmitter
All or nothing
Refers to the fact that a neurone either conducts an action potential or it does not.
Type 1 muscle fibers
Slow oxidative fibres
type 2a fibers
fast oxidative glycotic fibers
type 2b fibers
fast glycolytic fibers
Type 1 characteristics
oxidative, difficult to fatigue, does not produce much lactic acid, produces low tension and force, has a slow contractile speed
Type 2a characteristics
has properties of both slow and fast twitch, produces more tension than type 1, fatigue more quickly than type 1, moderate contraction strength and speed
Type 2b characteristics
White colour, anaerobic, short fast bursts, prone to fatigue and create lactic acid
Voluntary muscle
A muscle that is under conscious control. Moves the arms and legs and is attached to bones
Aka skeletal muscle
Involuntary muscle
A muscle that is not under conscious control, found in organs and we don’t choose to move it
Aka smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
Forms the walls of the heart chambers- type of involuntary muscle
Doesn’t tire
Structural characteristics
What muscle fibres are made of
Functional characteristics
How a fibre uses its features/ works
Fibre size
The strength and power it can exert
Number of mitochondria
This is where the body processes energy for use within the aerobic energy system
Number of Capillaries
This affects the blood and oxygen supply to muscle fibres
Myoglobin content
The amount of oxygen stored within the muscle- an oxygen binding protein
PC stores
A high energy compound stored in the muscle cell used as a fuel of very high intensity energy production
Glycogen stores
This energy form is mostly used for short-medium duration exercise of medium-high intensity
Triglyceride stores
These are fats and are used for fuelling endurance activities
speed of contraction
How fast the muscles can contract
Forces of contraction
The amount of force a muscle can exert
Resistance to fatigue
How long the muscles can continue to contract for
Aerobic capacity
The amount of oxygen the body can use during exercise
Anaerobic capacity
The amount of exercise the body can sustain without the use of oxygen
Slow oxidative structural characteristics
Small neurones, few fibres, many capillaries, mitochondria and myoglobin. Low PC & Glycogen stores.
Slow oxidative functional characteristics
slow contraction & low forces. High resistance to fatigue with a high aerobic but low anaerobic capacity.
fast oxidative glycolytic structural characteristics
large neurones with many fibres, capillaries and moderate amounts of mitochondria and myoglobin. Moderate glycogen & triglyceride stores and large amounts of PC.
fast oxidative glycolytic functional characteristics
Fast contraction & high force. Moderate fatigue resistance, aerobic and anaerobic capacity
fast glycolytic structural characteristics
Neuron size- large. Fibre - Many. Number of Mitochondria - Small. Number of Capillaries - Small. Myoglobin Content - Low. PC Stores - High. Glycogen Stores - High. Triglyceride Stores - Low.
fast glycolytic functional characteristics
Speed of Contraction - Fastest. Force of Contraction - Highest. Resistance to Fatigue - Lowest. Aerobic Capacity - Lowest. Anaerobic Capacity - Highest. Activity Suited - 100M.
Slow oxidative: suited for
Endurance events, long-distance, no rests
Fast oxidative glycolytic: suited for
High intensity- 800m-1500m run
Swimming races of middle distance
Fast glycolytic: suited for
Explosive events: sprinting, javelin, long jump
Work:relief ratio
The volume of relief in relation to the volume of work performed
Work:relief ratio for aerobic
The volume of relief in relation to the volume of work performed
Work:relief ratio for type 2b
higher relief required, should leave 48 hours between training muscle group, eccentric fibre damage
DOMS
delayed onset muscle soreness
