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M11 > 11.5.1 - Instrument Systems > Flashcards

11.5.1 - Instrument Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Where would the engine indications be shown in the flight deck?

A

Centre instrument Panel

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2
Q

Where would you find airframe system indications for the electric,hydraulic, engine, fuel etc.

A

Overhead panel/ engineers panel.

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3
Q

What 2 systems are used to aid in controlling and monitoring flight?

A
  • Navigation

- flight instruments

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4
Q

What instruments are found in the Basic T layout?

A

Altimeter
Airspeed indicator
Artificial Horizon
Compass or heading indication is integrated in the Horizontal Situation Indicator (HIS).

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5
Q

Describe the basic operation of the Altimeter.

A

Static pressure applied to the sealed case surrounds the bellows and compresses the bellows.

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6
Q

Why is it important that all altimeters use the same standard barometer setting (1013.25 hPA) when climbing to transition altitude?

A

This allows ATC to clear all aircraft to different altitudes to separate them vertically.

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7
Q

If temperature is lower or higher than the standard temperature of 15 degrees C. How does this affect the true altitude?

A

Warmer than standard = higher true altitude

Colder than standard = lower true altitude

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8
Q

What happens to total pressure and the bellows in the Airspeed indicator at low, medium and high speeds?

A
  • Low speed - The total pressure is low and the bellows are compressed.
  • Medium speed - All mechanical parts are in the present position.
  • High speeds - The total pressure is high and the bellows expand.
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9
Q

What two temperatures are compared to give air temperature indication?

A

One is the static air temperature , or SAT in short. This is the temperature of the undisturbed air around the aircraft.

The second indicated temperature is called the total air temperature or TAT in short. During TAT is higher SAT because of the so called ram rise.

Total temperature is measured by a TAT probe.

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10
Q

Describe what True North and Magnetic North is and what is the term to describe the angle between them.

A

True North (TN) - Is in reference to the geographic North Pole (True heading).

Magnetic North (MN) – Is the magnetic heading with reference to the Magnetic North pole (MN).

The angle between True North and Magnetic North is called the ‘variation’.

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11
Q

What does the actual variation depend on?

A

Actual variation depends on the aircrafts position (location) on earth.

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12
Q

The position of magnetic poles are drifting. How does this affect magnetic references such as runway headings?

A

Magnetic references must be updated every few years.

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13
Q

How does the compass measure the heading of an aircraft?

A

It uses the horizontal magnetic field lines to measure heading.

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14
Q

At what point on the earth will all magnetic field lines be horizontal?

A

Near the equator.

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15
Q

On commercial aircraft what is the direct reading compass known as and when should it be available ?

A

Also known as a standby compass and must always be available even when there’s total loss of power.

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16
Q

What components make up the standby compass? [5]

A
  • Glass windowed housing - With a vertical line in the centre
  • Lubber line - Shows the heading on the turn able compass scale.
  • Permanent magnet - Turns the compass scale into the direction of the magnetic field.
  • Fluid filled - To dampen the compass scale movements.
  • Expansion unit – Compensates for fluid expansion caused by temperature changes.
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17
Q

What affects the position of the permanent magnet within the compass scale?

A

Any acceleration or turns move the magnet out of the horizontal position in the compass.

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18
Q

What is ‘deviation’?

A

The difference between the Compass North and Magnetic North.

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19
Q

When would compass compensation need to be carried out and what’s required?

A

After aircraft overhaul and when an aircraft modification could influence the compass indication.

Compensation needs a 360° turn of the aircraft on the ground, far away from all airport foreign magnetic fields (e.g., buildings).

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20
Q

When compensation is carried out, at what intervals is deviation recorded?

A

Deviation is recorded every 90° of the aircraft swing.

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21
Q

Corrections (coefficients) are calculated during Compass Compensations. What is B Coefficient and C Coefficient?

A

The B-coefficient = difference between the East/West deviations, divided by 2

C-coefficient = difference between the North/South deviations, divided by 2.

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22
Q

When would an A correction be needed to carry out in regards to compass compensation?

A

An A-correction is only necessary when there is a misalignment between compass and the aircraft x-axis.

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23
Q

Complete compass compensation isn’t possible. How would the remaining compass error be measured??

A

The remaining compass error is therefore measured every 30° during an aircraft turn on the ground and written into a compass deviation card to use during flight.

24
Q

What instrument helps to eliminate problems with Direct Reading Compass?

A

Directional Gyro. It provides a stable indication of direction and is independent from effects such as acceleration.

25
Q

In older aircraft the pilot had to manually adjust the DG direction because of drift. What compass system is used nowadays to relieve the pilot from this manual adjusting??

A

Remote compass system

26
Q

Describe how a remote compass system operates.

A

It has an indicator which receives the stable heading information from the DG.

A flux valve automatically measures the direction of the magnetic field.

The direction of the magnetic field is compared to the heading shown on the indicator

The difference is used to adjust the DG direction with a torque motor.

The torque generates a gyro precession which changes the DG direction by a maximum of 2 degrees per minute.

27
Q

Where is the flux valve installed on the aircraft?

A

Far away from all aircraft magnetic fields in the wing tip or wing leading edge or the vertical fin.

28
Q

What is EIS/EIDS and how many displays does it have?

A

Electronic Instrument Display System, it has 6 displays in the cockpit.

29
Q

What are the 3 main advantages of the EIS for operators?

A
  • Only necessary data is presented on the clear, bright, colourful displays.
  • All six display units are identical and can display different images; no loss of data if one display unit fails.
  • Less components; maintenance is easier and less expensive.
30
Q

What 2 systems in regards to EIS provide images for indications to alert flight crew??

A
  • Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS).
  • Engine Indication and Central Warning System

ECAM (Electronic Centralised Aircraft Monitoring) for Airbus aircraft.
EICAS (Engine Indication And Crew Alerting) for Boeing aircraft.

31
Q

What does EFIS stand for and explain the function of the two displays it uses.

A

Electronic Flight Instrument System.

  • Primary Flight Displays (PFD) - Shows the situational information for the aircraft looking forwards.
  • Navigation Displays (ND) -Show the situation of the aircraft from above.
32
Q

In the standard “T” layout , what 4 parameters will the Primary Flight Display show??

A

• Artificial Horizon (Attitude indicator) – centre – Displays the angle of the aircraft with respect to the ground.

  • Airspeed – left.
  • Altitude - right.
  • Heading - bottom.
33
Q

What does the heading display on the PFD indicate?

A

Heading - Indicates the direction of the aircraft longitudinal axis in relation to Magnetic North (MN) in degrees.

34
Q

The Navigation Display always displays certain basic information no matter what selection is chosen on the EFIS control panel. What information will this be?

A

Actual aircraft heading - Top of the compass rose behind the lubber line.

Small aircraft symbol - Used as a reference, normally displayed in the centre of the screen.

Waypoint data - Gives information about the next navigation point and not normally seen on the ground.

Wind Information - Indicates wind direction and velocity.

Ground & true airspeed – Is the speed above the ground (ground speed) and true airspeed are always displayed.

35
Q

The PFD controls are mainly used to alter 2 different barometric references for the altitude scale. What are these references ??

A
  • QNH - In hecto Pascal or inches of mercury.

* Standard - By pulling the knob on the left panel, or pushing the knob on the right panel.

36
Q

Upon selection of ILS mode on the EFIS control panel, what 2 types of information are provided?

A
  1. ILS Information - Provides information from the Instrument Landing System (ILS) in addition to the basic ND information.
  2. Runway position - Displays information about the selected ILS station and the aircraft position in relation to the runway.
37
Q

What does selection of VOR Mode (VHF Omni Directional Radio Range (VOR) provide??

A

Provides the same basic information as ILS mode, based on an en-route navigation system VOR.

38
Q

The Range Selector changes the range display on the ND. What is this range measured in and what does it check??

A

Ranges are measured in nautical miles and are used to check the distance to a weather radar image or a navigation point.

39
Q

The Central Warning System is designed to warn the crew of abnormal conditions. What are the two types of warnings?

A
  • Local warnings

* Central warnings

40
Q

Local warnings are controlled independently by the specific systems. What 3 types of local warnings are there?

A
  • Pushbutton lights - Which are mainly located on the overhead panel.
  • Flags – Displayed in an indicator that a signal is missing.
  • Display limit exceedance - Display that a certain value has exceeded an operational limit.
41
Q

On Airbus A/C the push button lights only illuminate when there is a local warning. What are the three colour codes and what do they mean?

A
  • Red - Is used when an immediate action is necessary, e.g., engine fire.
  • Amber - Is used when action is required but not necessarily at once, e.g. generator fault light.
  • White - Indicates that the system is no longer in the normal switching state. This system is switched off.
42
Q

What do Instrument Warning Flags indicate to the pilot?

A

Information that is normally displayed during flight is missing e.g. EFIS

43
Q

An ‘operational limit’ of a parameter such as Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT) in an engine or over speed of the aircraft can be indicated by what?

A

Red Indicator or Red Band

44
Q

The Central warning system is designed so that the pilot is aware of abnormal situations. How does this system help the pilot in regards to local warnings?

A

The pilot doesn’t have to continuously monitor the local warnings on the overhead panel or indicators.

45
Q

What are the 2 types of central warnings?

A
  • Central warning displays - Provide the flight crew with text and graphic information about the present failure condition.
  • Attention getters - Inform the flight crew that an abnormal situation occurred.
46
Q

What are the 3 crew alerting levels which tell the pilot the importance of an alert?

A
  • Warnings ( Level A or 3). Red local warning and red message on the display with a red master warning light and continual audio warning. immediate action!
  • Cautions (Level B or 2). Amber local warning and amber message on the display with an amber master caution light and a short aural warning. Corrective action can be delayed.
  • Advisories (Level C or 1). Amber message with no attention getter. No corrective action is needed.
47
Q

The Airbus CWS architecture involves computers to perform all functions by obtaining data from nearly all aircraft systems. What are they known as and how many are there?

A
  • Flight Warning Computers (FWCs) Responsible for level 3 alerts and control of the attention getters.
  • System Data Acquisition Concentrators (SDAC) Generate the outputs for level 2 and 1 alerts and the system synoptic’s.

There are 2 of each for fail safe.

48
Q

The upper display on the Central Warning System will display…?

A
  • messages from the Central Warning Computers.
  • system synoptics.
  • permanent display of additional aircraft parameters (main engine parameters, fuel quantity, flap position etc.)
49
Q

What does the lower panel of the CWS display?

A

Condition of the aircrafts systems

50
Q

How is fuel qty. measured in and how much of the aircrafts total weight does it account for (%)?

A

Fuel quantity is indicated as a mass, in kilograms or tons, as fuel weight accounts for up to 50% of the aircrafts weight.

51
Q

What device is used to measure fuel temperature?

A

Thermistor

52
Q

What is the importance of Engine vibration indication?

A

Can identify rotor imbalance which is one of the first signs of engine damage.

53
Q

Turbine engines have 2 types of sensors to measure vibration. Where are these located?

A
  • One sensor is located in the compressor area, e.g., near the N1 rotor shaft.
  • Second sensor in the turbine area, e.g., on the turbine frame.
54
Q

The sensors used to detect engine vibration are accelerometers that measure the radial acceleration of the rotor system. What two types of accelerometers are used and how do they operate?

A
  • Electromagnetic accelerometers – Is a permanent magnet held in the centre by 2 springs, a fixed coil surrounds the magnet, and the vibration moves the coil up/down about the still magnet. This produces a magnetic field that gives an AC output.
  • Piezoelectric-crystal accelerometers - Generates a voltage when a force is applied to the crystal. The inertia mass presses the crystal against the baseplate when the sensor is accelerated.
55
Q

What 4 types of different indication modes are there for engine vibration detection.

A
  • FAN - Means the forward sensor is measuring the vibration of the N1 rotor.
  • LPT (Low Pressure Turbine) - Means that the aft sensor is measuring the vibration of the N1 rotor.
  • N2 - Means that the vibration of the N2 rotor system is measured by the aft sensor.
  • BB (Broadband) - Displays the unfiltered vibration signal from the aft sensor. E.g. when a rotor speed signal is not available.

M11 (22 decks)

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