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M11 > 11.3 - Aircraft Structures Aeroplanes > Flashcards

11.3 - Aircraft Structures Aeroplanes Flashcards

1
Q

How far apart are frames spaced?

A

20 inches

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2
Q

What is the purpose of clips on the inner surface of the skin?

A

To transfer pressure loads from the skin to the frame to assist with compression

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3
Q

What can floor beams help carry? [3]

A
  • Pressure loads across the fuselage
  • support cabin pressurisation
  • absorb normal loads from seat tracks
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4
Q

What can floor-to-skin shear ties assist with?

A

Provide an additional path for distributing cabin pressure loads

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5
Q

What part of the construction carries the primary loads?

A

The skin

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6
Q

Where is the keel beam located?

A

Through the centre wing section

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7
Q

What does the keel beam do?

A

Support the wheel well area where a maximum amount of bending can occur and transport wing loads.

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8
Q

What does the centre section of the fuselage provide? [2]

A
  • Part of the cabin

- A structure for joining centre wing box and main landing gears together

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9
Q

How is the tail section constructed? [3]

A
  • Frames
  • stringers
  • skin
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10
Q

When is a faying surface seal used?

A

Where it is difficult to seal after assembly

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11
Q

How is a good faying surface seal established?

A

When there is a small amount of sealant extruding from both sides of the joint

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12
Q

What is a fillet seal?

A

Bead of extrudable sealant to seams, joints and intersecting planes or surfaces

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13
Q

How is a satisfactory fillet seal indicated? [3]

A
  • Smooth appearance
  • free of voids, bubbles
  • no overlaps
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14
Q

What are injection seals used for?

A

Fill holes, joggles, channels and other voids

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15
Q

What is used to seal control runs?

A

Control run sealing

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16
Q

What must control run seals be?

A

Tight enough to prevent pressure loss but not enough to hinder movement

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17
Q

What two types of sealing is there for doors? [2]

A
  • Flap-type mechanical seal

- Diaphragm seals

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18
Q

How do flap type mechanical door seals work?

A

Comes into contact with the fuselage and creates a pressure and weather seal

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19
Q

How are diaphragm seals attached?

A

On the inside of the upper and lower gate hinges

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20
Q

On airbus, what might you find in the door seal?

A

Pressurisation holes

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21
Q

How are seats fitted in the aircraft?

A

Attached to seat tracks that run longitudinally

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22
Q

What does ULD stand for?

A

Unit load device

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23
Q

What is an anti roll out device?

A

Automatically retracts when hit by an ULD from outboard the aircraft.

Prevent backward movement once onboard the aircraft

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24
Q

What are the 5 different types of doors?

A
  • Main entry doors
  • service doors
  • cockpit doors
  • cargo doors
  • emergency exit doors
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25
Q

Which door side of the aircraft is mainly used by services?

A

The right

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26
Q

How are aircraft doors numbered?

A

Numbered 1 to x, right and left have same numbers

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27
Q

What else can passenger doors be used as?

A

Emergency exit doors

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28
Q

Where is the bulk cargo door located?

A

Aft lower right side of the fuselage

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29
Q

What is the basic construction of a door? [3]

A
  • Lower lining
  • centre lining
  • upper lining
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30
Q

What will you find in the lower lining of a door? [3]

A
  • Escape Slide
  • survival kit
  • houses the pressure gauge viewing window
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31
Q

What will you find in the centre lining of a door? [2]

A
  • Covers the door structure and latch mechanism

- incorporates the window, assist handle, access cover and interior door handle

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32
Q

What will you find in the upper lining of a door? [2]

A
  • Covers door structure and latch mechanism

- houses escape slide lamp

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33
Q

What forms the construction of a door? [5]

A
  • Frame
  • upper and lower gate
  • beams
  • formers
  • intercostals
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34
Q

What is a pressure stop?

A

It holds the door in position when the cabin is pressurised and help adjust the door to its correct position

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35
Q

What are the Boeing and airbus door suspension mechanisms?

A
  • Boeing = hinge mechanism

- Airbus = door support system

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36
Q

What is the construction of the airbus door support system? [4]

A
  • Support arm
  • lifting lever
  • upper link
  • guide arms
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37
Q

What is the purpose of the lifting lever in doors?

A

Enables the door to be lifted

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38
Q

How is the door supported and maintained parallel to the fuselage?

A

Via the support arm and guide arms

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39
Q

What does the support arm house? [3]

A
  • Damper
  • emergency operation cylinder
  • door stay mechanism
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40
Q

What does the door stay mechanism do?

A

Locks the door once it is in its fully open position

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41
Q

What is the construction of a Boeing hinge door mechanism? [3]

A
  • Door torque tubes
  • body torque tubes
  • hinge arms
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42
Q

What is the main function of the door torque tube?

A

To rotate the door to a cocked position by transmitting handle torque to the upper and lower hinges

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43
Q

On which aircraft manufacturer, will you find a gear box within the door, so that when operating the door handle from the interior, that the exterior door handle doesn’t move?

A

Airbus

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44
Q

What types of emergency doors are there? [4]

A
  • Main entry doors
  • upper deck doors
  • emergency hatches
  • over head hatch
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45
Q

What do main entry doors have to aid them in opening during an emergency?

A

Power assist system

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46
Q

What will happen if you open a door in the “flight” position?

A

Emergency slides will deploy

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47
Q

What two modes will you find on the mode selector?

A

Flight and park

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48
Q

What does the mode selector have to prevent an intermediate position of the level?

A

Over centre spring

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49
Q

How are emergency slides connected?

A

To the girt and girt bar

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50
Q

How does the girt bar work?

A

The girt connects the slide to the girt bar and one end is wrapped around the girt bar

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51
Q

What is the power reservoir used for?

A

In an emergency to help open the door quicker and easier

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52
Q

When must you remove an emergency power reservoir?

A

When it has been used or if the pressure is low

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53
Q

What is the green indication on the pressure gauge of the door, not an indication of?

A

Sufficient pressure

54
Q

What must you do when working with or around the emergency power reservoir?

A

Ensure safety pins are installed

55
Q

What doors are commonly found in the main cabin with no hinges?

A

Overwing emergency hatches

56
Q

What other name is there for over wing emergency hatches?

A

Plug door

57
Q

What is found in the lower part of the cockpit door?

A

Decompression and evacuation flap

58
Q

What opens the door in case of cockpit decompression?

A

3 electric release strikes are deenergised unlocking the doors

59
Q

Where are the cargo bay doors located? [3]

A

Right hand lower fuselage:

  • forward
  • aft
  • bulk (aft)
60
Q

What is unique about the bulk cargo door, in comparison to the forward and aft doors?

A

Opens inwards and operated manually

61
Q

What are the construction of the aft and forward cargo doors? [4]

A
  • Door suspension
  • master latch lock mechanism
  • latch mechanism
  • hook mechanism
62
Q

What ensures alignment of the latches on a cargo door?

A

Centring roller on the bottom side of the door

63
Q

How is the cargo door suspended?

A

Attached externally to the door and the fuselage

64
Q

How is the bulk cargo door suspended?

A

Attached to its upper edge to the fuselage by 2 hinge arms

65
Q

What connects the hinge arm to the ceiling of the cargo compartment in a bulk cargo door?

A

A snubber

66
Q

How many pressure relief doors are there for the cargo door?

A

2

67
Q

What is the master latch lock mechanism?

A

A safety mechanism that locks the master latch in position

68
Q

How the master latch lock mechanism actuated?

A

By the cargo door handle

69
Q

What happens when the master latch lock mechanism is actuated?

A

The handle movement is transmitted to the master latch lock torque tube, and the relief door torque tube by push rods and cranks

70
Q

What must open first when operating the handle of the cargo door?

A

Pressure relief doors

71
Q

What does the safety mechanism house? (Airbus) [2]

A
  • Safety shaft

- 6 safety cams

72
Q

What else does the safety shaft also move during opening?

A

Vent doors for pressure relief

73
Q

By how much psi will the vent doors open if there’s a differential pressure?

A

1 psi

74
Q

What mechanism do Boeing use for cargo door operation?

A

Hook and lifting mechanism

75
Q

How are the hooks connected for the hook and lifting mechanism?

A

Connected to hook torque tube

76
Q

What does the hook do during closing?

A

Guides the cargo door into position before the latches engage

77
Q

What does the lift mechanism consist of? [4]

A
  • Lift power unit
  • gearbox and brake assemblies
  • rotary actuators
  • rotary actuator links
78
Q

On airbus aircraft, how are cargo doors operated?

A

Hydraulically

79
Q

What type of windows are there? [3]

A
  • Cabin windows
  • flight deck windows
  • observer windows
80
Q

What are the purpose of windows?

A

Allow maximum visibility for passengers and flight crew and holding cabin pressure

81
Q

What do flight deck windows have additional protection against?

A

Bird strikes

82
Q

How are flight deck windows numbered?

A

Left 1, right 1, left 2….

Symmetrically

83
Q

What are the number 2 flight deck windows called?

A

Direct vision windows

84
Q

What can number 2 flight deck windows be used for?

A

Emergency exits

85
Q

Where can the heating film be found on flight deck windows?

A

On the inner surface of the outer glass

86
Q

What is the construction of flight deck windows?

A

Strengthened glass of the outer side of the window, with 2 layers of chemically strengthened glass, bonded together with polyurethane

87
Q

What are number 2 and 3 windows constructed of?

A

2 layers of stretched acrylic glass

88
Q

How is the number 2 window installed?

A

From inside the flight deck

89
Q

How are is number 1 and 3 windows installed?

A

Externally, attached to the aircraft frame.

A retainer holds the pane in place

90
Q

What is placed between the windows and the frame?

A

Silicon seal to bond them together

91
Q

What does the inner pane of the cabin windows have?

A

A small vent hole to ensure pressure between cabin and lanes are the same.

92
Q

Why is there 2 cabin window panes?

A

In case one fails, the other can carry the pressure

93
Q

What 3 areas make up the wing structure?

A

Left, centre and right wing boxes

94
Q

What do the front and rear spars of the wing boxes do?

A

Act as walls for the fuel tank and to contain fuel

95
Q

What is the construction of the outer wing boxes? [4]

A
  • Front and rear spar
  • ribs
  • upper and lower stringers
  • upper and lower skin panels
96
Q

What may you find in the lower wing skin panels?

A

Access doors and openings located between wing ribs

97
Q

What are the spars of the wings designed to do?

A

Carry loads

98
Q

What can be found on the front spar? (3)

A
  • Vertical stiffeners
  • upper and lower chord angles
  • a spar web
99
Q

In addition to what you can find on the front spar, what else can you find on the rear spar of the wing?

A

Landing gear support arm (false rear spar)

100
Q

What does the false rear spar do?

A

Distributes main landing gear loads to the rear spar of the wing and to the fuselage

101
Q

What loads are ribs capable of carrying? [3]

A
  • Torsion
  • compression
  • shear
102
Q

What is in the structure of the leading edge? [3]

A
  • Stiffeners
  • ribs
  • upper and lower skin panel
103
Q

What does the trailing edge structure support?

A

The flight controls and their operation

104
Q

What is the structure of the trailing edge? [4]

A
  • Ribs
  • stiffeners
  • beams
  • skin panels
105
Q

What does the centre wing box do?

A

Distribute different loads across the fuselage and house the fuel tank

106
Q

What can be found at the empennage? [3]

A
  • Vertical and horizontal stabilisers
  • dorsal fin
  • rudders and elevators
107
Q

What can the horizontal stabiliser sometimes be used as?

A

Fuel tank

108
Q

How can the horizontal stabiliser be constructed?

A

Single piece or 3 piece structure

109
Q

How are the elevators attached?

A

Hinge fittings

110
Q

What is used to create a smooth incline to the vertical stabiliser?

A

Dorsal fin

111
Q

What 2 types of hinges are there?

A

Primary and normal hinges

112
Q

What do both type of hinges have? [3]

A
  • Ball bearings to compensate for misalignment,
  • Inner and outer bolt for fail-safe
  • Sleeves to prevent over stress
113
Q

What is difference in sleeves on primary and normal hinges?

A

Primary hinge only has 1 sleeve

114
Q

What does the sleeve do on the hinges? [2]

A
  • Allows the hinge to compensate for expansion and contraction of temperature change,
  • Prevents a fixed position in relation to the hinge forks
115
Q

Are the sleeves for the hinges interchangeable?

A

No

116
Q

How can surface flutter be prevented?

A

If the control surface is hydraulically powered or by static balancing

117
Q

What is static balancing?

A

Where balance weights are fitted forward of the hinge line to offset the mass of the control surface

118
Q

What must be done to the control surface if it repaired in relation to static balancing?

A

Additional weights to be added

119
Q

How are the deflection angle measured on all control surfaces?

A

Measured in relation to the zero position

120
Q

How is the deflection angle measured for the aileron?

A

Angle between the wing reference plane and surface reference plane

121
Q

How can the angle of the rudder or elevators be measured?

A

By using an inclinometer or measuring the distance between zero and the trailing edge

122
Q

What should be done if you were to be working on a control surface?

A

Warning signs and safety devices to prevent inadvertent retraction

123
Q

What is the main function of the pylon?

A

To carry loads from the engine to the torque box

124
Q

What is another name for the pylon

A

The strut

125
Q

What forms the assembly of the nacelle strut? [5]

A
  • Torque box
  • firewall and fire-seal
  • strut drains
  • fan cowl support beam
  • engine attach fittings
126
Q

What is the aft pylon fitting made by?

A

2 shackles

127
Q

What prevents the movement of flames through the engine during an external engine fire? [4]

A
  • Firewall
  • fire seals
  • flame proof panels
  • diaphragms
128
Q

How are the engines attached to the pylon

A

Via the front and aft engine mounts

129
Q

What does the forward engine mount have?

A

Support beam assembly connected to the pylon by 4 attachment bolts

130
Q

What type of construction are engine mounts?

A

Fail safe

131
Q

Why aren’t axial loads transferred to the pylon from the engine in the aft engine mount?

A

Spherical bearings at the links

M11 (22 decks)

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