11.4 nuclear and cytoplasmic response

Question 1

the signal transduction pathway leads to __

Answer 1

regulation of cellular activities in the nucleus or cytoplasm

Question 2

how do shames form

Answer 2

binding mating factor

• activates signaling pathway kinases that affect orientation of growth of cytoskeletal dynamics
• -cell projections emerge from places with most mating factor
• AKA the cell projections project toward other cell because the signals come from the other cell

Question 3

pros of the signal transduction pathway of multiple relay proteins

Answer 3

1- amplify the signal and thus the response
2- provide points of regulation of the response
–able to coordinate pathways
–able to contribute to specific responses
–scaffolding proteins enhance efficiency
–termination of signal

Question 4

signal amplification

Answer 4

• elaborate enzyme cascades
• at each step, the # of activated products is more than before
• because the proteins are active for long enough to activate several substrates

Question 5

what does epinephrine do

Answer 5

–breaks down glycogen and releases glucose
–contraction of heart
faster heart beat

Question 6

how does a cell “save” in how many proteins it must make

Answer 6

–it doesn’t need to produce so many different types because different proteins are used in different order/pathways to produce different responses

Question 7

scaffolding proteins

Answer 7

• -increase efficiency of signal transduction
• -large relay proteins to which several other relay proteins are attached
• -holds together networks of signaling pathways

Question 8

how does scaffolding proteins increase speed and accuracy

Answer 8

–holds the relay proteins together so time is not lost in diffusion/ finding the other protein

Question 9

Weskit-Aldrich syndrome WAS

Answer 9

WAS holds together a bunch of proteins in the STP for immune system cell behavior

–when it is absent, the proteins are in a disarray and the cytoskeleton is not properly organized disrupting STP pathways

Question 10

how is STP terminated

Answer 10

signal molecules leave the receptor and reverts back to inactive, deactivating all the other relay proteins