11.3 transduction

Question 1

transduction

Answer 1

usually a multistep pathway where a protein is activated y adding/releasing phosphate groups or releasing small ions and molecules to act as messengers

Question 2

advantages for multiple steps

Answer 2

amplifying the signal

-more opportunities for coordination and regulation

Question 3

how does it start

Answer 3

a signaling molecule binds to a receptor in the plasma membrane triggers the first step and then it activates another protein and so on until the protein for the final response is activated

Question 4

an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein

Answer 4

protein kinase

Like tyrosine kinase dimer

Question 5

A phosphorylation cascade

Answer 5

Series of proteins activate each other in turn by adding a phosphate group to the next in line

Question 6

Protein phosphatases

Answer 6

Enzyme that remove phosphate groups from proteins

To inactivate protein kinases

Question 7

Second messengers

Answer 7

Small no protein water soluble molecules or ions

Question 8

First messenger

Answer 8

the signaling molecule that binds to the membrane receptor